Endometriosis is a chronic, oestrogen-dependent inflammatory condition affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age, frequently associated with chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea and infertility, substantially impairing quality of life. While pharmacological and surgical therapies represent the standard of care, growing evidence indicates that lifestyle and dietary factors play an important complementary role in symptom management and may influence disease progression. Regular physical activity appears to attenuate systemic inflammation, improve hormonal regulation and support psychological well-being. Dietary patterns rich in anti-inflammatory components, particularly Mediterranean-diets and low-inflammatory diets, have been associated with reduced pain and improved gastrointestinal symptoms, whereas high consumption of red and processed meats may increase disease risk. Micronutrients and selected supplements, including vitamins C, E and D, magnesium, zinc, folate, omega-3 fatty acids, N-acetylcysteine, curcumin, probiotics and green tea polyphenols, show promising but variable evidence for symptom relief. Additional lifestyle factors, such as avoiding endocrine-disrupting chemicals, moderating alcohol intake, ensuring adequate sleep and managing psychological stress, may further modulate inflammatory and hormonal pathways relevant to the disorder. Overall, current evidence indicates that integrating lifestyle interventions alongside conventional treatments offers clinically relevant benefits, although larger, well-designed clinical studies are needed to clarify the magnitude of these effects and to explore further promising lifestyle-based therapeutic approaches.

Background: Basic resting electrocardiographic changes caused by regular intense exercise are known characteristics of the athlete’s heart. Through detailed analysis of short-term ECG recordings, our aim was to study electrocardiographic, heart rate variability, and ventricular heterogeneity changes of the athlete’s heart as a function of factors influencing sports adaptation. Methods: Analysis of 1-minute resting lead I ECG recordings was used to determine standard ECG parameters, time-domain indicators of heart rate variability, and mean and standard deviation of QRST integrals. Statistical analysis was performed in Python development environment. Results: 500 healthy athletes (age: 19[16–24]y, male: 55%, training: 16.7 ± 6.5 h/w) were compared with 100 non-athlete controls (age: 21[17–23]y, male: 51%). Athletes had lower heart rate (68[61–78]vs.82[73–91]BPM, p < 0.001), increased p-wave amplitude (89[71–108]vs.80[62–96]µV, p < 0.001), PQ interval (152[140–168]vs.142[132–152]ms, p < 0.001), QRS width (90[82–100]vs.82[78–90]ms, p < 0.001), T-wave amplitude (257[198–311]vs.195[146–248]µV, p < 0.001), SDNN (64.7[47.2–87.2]vs.50.6[36.5–66.3]ms, p < 0.001), RMSSD (52.6[34.8–78.3]vs.36.4[26.8–52.6]ms, p < 0.001), pNN50 (31.1[12.7–50.9]vs.14.7[4.9–31.6]%, p < 0.001) and mean QRST integral (34.9[28.3–43.4]vs.26.1[19.7–33.9]mV*ms, p < 0.001) compared to controls. Mixed athletes had wider QRS compared to power athletes (94[90–102]vs.88[84–96]ms, p < 0.005). Male athletes had lower QTc, increased PQ interval, QRS width, T-wave amplitude, mean QRST integral, and its deviation. In the control group, females had higher resting heart rate and QTc duration, while AVNN and the relative deviation of QRST integral were lower. Many of the above parameters also showed weak correlation with age and weekly exercise hours. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a 1-minute lead I ECG recording can detect electrical differences between athletes and non-athlete controls and may provide a practical framework for future longitudinal studies of athletic cardiac adaptation.