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Colourants, micropollutants and heavy metals are regarded as the most notorious hazardous contaminants found in rivers, oceans and sewage treatment plants, with detrimental impacts on human health and environment. In recent development, algal biomass showed great potential for the synthesis of engineered algal adsorbents suitable for the adsorptive management of various pollutants. This review presents comprehensive investigations on the engineered synthesis routes focusing mainly on mechanical, thermochemical and activation processes to produce algal adsorbents. The adsorptive performances of engineered algal adsorbents are assessed in accordance with different categories of hazardous pollutants as well as in terms of their experimental and modelled adsorption capacities. Due to the unique physicochemical properties of macroalgae and microalgae in their adsorbent forms, the adsorption of hazardous pollutants was found to be highly effective, which involved different mechanisms such as physisorption, chemisorption, ion-exchange, complexation and others depending on the types of pollutants. Overall, both macroalgae and microalgae not only can be tailored into different forms of adsorbents based on the applications, their adsorption capacities are also far more superior compared to the conventional adsorbents.
Xin Jiat Lee; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Jecksin Ooi; Kai Ling Yu; Thing Chai Tham; Wei-Hsin Chen; Yong Sik Ok. Engineered macroalgal and microalgal adsorbents: Synthesis routes and adsorptive performance on hazardous water contaminants. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021, 126921 .
AMA StyleXin Jiat Lee, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Jecksin Ooi, Kai Ling Yu, Thing Chai Tham, Wei-Hsin Chen, Yong Sik Ok. Engineered macroalgal and microalgal adsorbents: Synthesis routes and adsorptive performance on hazardous water contaminants. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2021; ():126921.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXin Jiat Lee; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Jecksin Ooi; Kai Ling Yu; Thing Chai Tham; Wei-Hsin Chen; Yong Sik Ok. 2021. "Engineered macroalgal and microalgal adsorbents: Synthesis routes and adsorptive performance on hazardous water contaminants." Journal of Hazardous Materials , no. : 126921.
Biodiesel is considered a suitable substitute and eco-friendly energy source. It is produced from renewable sources. Second-generation feedstocks are gaining attention due to their availability in many parts of the world. The non-edible biomass reduces food competition in the market. The Xanthium spinosum is one of the unexplored non-edible biomass, which contains a high content of linoleic acid in its seeds. In this research, the potential of seed oil for methyl ester production has been analysed. It possesses a higher oil content of 35.30 ± 0.10 wt%. The total lipid and linoleic acid content of the seeds were found to be 35 and 32.11 wt%. The fuel properties of a Xanthium spinosum proved its potentiality as a biodiesel feedstock. To test the potential, the oil was converted into the methyl ester via transesterification with a yield of 93%. The different fuel properties like density, cetane number (CN), flash point, pour point and cloud point were in accordance with internationally recognised biodiesel standards and showed its better quality compared to others accounted biodiesel. As an alternative renewable energy source for biodiesel production, the oil from Xanthium spinosum biomass has the potential to be used as a greener, cleaner and sustainable approach.
Saira Asif; Muhammad Mubashir; Jiří Jaromír Klemeš; Sidra Saqib; Ahmad Mukhtar; Awais Bokhari; Jacqueline Lukose; Apurav Krishna Koyande; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. Enhanced production of non-edible Xanthium spinosum-based biodiesel using waste biomass under dynamic conditions. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2021, 1 -12.
AMA StyleSaira Asif, Muhammad Mubashir, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Sidra Saqib, Ahmad Mukhtar, Awais Bokhari, Jacqueline Lukose, Apurav Krishna Koyande, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show. Enhanced production of non-edible Xanthium spinosum-based biodiesel using waste biomass under dynamic conditions. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2021; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaira Asif; Muhammad Mubashir; Jiří Jaromír Klemeš; Sidra Saqib; Ahmad Mukhtar; Awais Bokhari; Jacqueline Lukose; Apurav Krishna Koyande; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Enhanced production of non-edible Xanthium spinosum-based biodiesel using waste biomass under dynamic conditions." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery , no. : 1-12.
The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using waste plastics as binders to produce high-quality biochar pellets from biochar powders that were made from the pyrolysis of pine sawdust at temperatures ranging from 300 to 450 °C. Plastic binders (virgin and waste) were applied with 5 to 30 wt % of the total mixture. The mixture was pelletized at a maximum pressure of ∼156 MPa. The heating value, density, saturated moisture uptake, energy density, and hardness of biochar pellets were measured to evaluate the pellet quality. The results showed that using plastics as binders could produce strong biochar pellets with the biochar produced at relatively low temperatures (300–330 °C). The optimal fraction of the plastic binder would be between 5 and 10 wt %. The biochar produced at the higher temperature (450 °C) had difficulty forming strong pellets even with binders. The hydrophobicity and higher heating value of pellets were significantly improved by adding plastics as binders. Economic analysis showed that using waste plastics from the local waste recycling program would be an economical way for producing biochar pellets.
Jianghong Peng; Lei Zhang; Elodie Surgot Meulien; Xiaotao T. Bi; Jim C. Lim; Wei-Hsin Chen. Waste Plastics as an Effective Binder for Biochar Pelletization. Energy & Fuels 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJianghong Peng, Lei Zhang, Elodie Surgot Meulien, Xiaotao T. Bi, Jim C. Lim, Wei-Hsin Chen. Waste Plastics as an Effective Binder for Biochar Pelletization. Energy & Fuels. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianghong Peng; Lei Zhang; Elodie Surgot Meulien; Xiaotao T. Bi; Jim C. Lim; Wei-Hsin Chen. 2021. "Waste Plastics as an Effective Binder for Biochar Pelletization." Energy & Fuels , no. : 1.
Irfan Navabshan; Balasubramaniyan Sakthivel; Rajesh Pandiyan; Mariya Gover Antoniraj; Selvakumar Dharmaraj; Veeramuthu Ashokkumar; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Abimanyu Sugumaran; Pau Loke Show. Correction to: Computational Lock and Key and Dynamic Trajectory Analysis of Natural Biophors Against COVID-19 Spike Protein to Identify Effective Lead Molecules. Molecular Biotechnology 2021, 1 -1.
AMA StyleIrfan Navabshan, Balasubramaniyan Sakthivel, Rajesh Pandiyan, Mariya Gover Antoniraj, Selvakumar Dharmaraj, Veeramuthu Ashokkumar, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Kit Wayne Chew, Abimanyu Sugumaran, Pau Loke Show. Correction to: Computational Lock and Key and Dynamic Trajectory Analysis of Natural Biophors Against COVID-19 Spike Protein to Identify Effective Lead Molecules. Molecular Biotechnology. 2021; ():1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrfan Navabshan; Balasubramaniyan Sakthivel; Rajesh Pandiyan; Mariya Gover Antoniraj; Selvakumar Dharmaraj; Veeramuthu Ashokkumar; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Abimanyu Sugumaran; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Correction to: Computational Lock and Key and Dynamic Trajectory Analysis of Natural Biophors Against COVID-19 Spike Protein to Identify Effective Lead Molecules." Molecular Biotechnology , no. : 1-1.
The production of biochar, bio-oil, and biogas from sugarcane bagasse (SB) is investigated via catalytic microwave-assisted torrefaction where calcium oxide is employed as a microwave absorber. Using the Taguchi approach, three parameters of microwave power, holding time, and catalyst concentration are considered. The optimal combination of the three parameters provides the highest energy yield of 77.64%. The highest calorific value is recorded at 24.66 MJ⋅kg−1, demonstrating a 46.96% improvement compared to the dry-basis raw feedstock. The results from ANOVA indicate that microwave power significantly affects the energy yield, followed by the holding time and catalyst concentration. Scanning electron microscopy shows severe degradation of SB surfaces while XRD curves demonstrate the retention of the crystalline structures of the torrefied SB samples. The main compounds identified in the bio-oil are phenolic compounds. FTIR results show no significant changes in the functional groups after acid-washing and catalyst impregnation. The upgrading energy index profiles portray that light torrefaction conditions lead to higher energy efficiencies, rendering higher energy yields while consuming less energy inputs. Overall, catalytic microwave-assisted torrefaction with calcium oxide is a feasible technique to transform SB into bioenergy products such as biochar, bio-oil, and biogas. More importantly, attaining a balance between product quality and energy efficiency is crucial for the feasible production of fuels that are ready for industrialization.
Arjay A. Arpia; Wei-Hsin Chen; Aristotle T. Ubando; Meisam Tabatabaei; Su Shiung Lam; Alvin B. Culaba; Mark Daniel G. De Luna. Catalytic microwave-assisted torrefaction of sugarcane bagasse with calcium oxide optimized via Taguchi approach: Product characterization and energy analysis. Fuel 2021, 305, 121543 .
AMA StyleArjay A. Arpia, Wei-Hsin Chen, Aristotle T. Ubando, Meisam Tabatabaei, Su Shiung Lam, Alvin B. Culaba, Mark Daniel G. De Luna. Catalytic microwave-assisted torrefaction of sugarcane bagasse with calcium oxide optimized via Taguchi approach: Product characterization and energy analysis. Fuel. 2021; 305 ():121543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArjay A. Arpia; Wei-Hsin Chen; Aristotle T. Ubando; Meisam Tabatabaei; Su Shiung Lam; Alvin B. Culaba; Mark Daniel G. De Luna. 2021. "Catalytic microwave-assisted torrefaction of sugarcane bagasse with calcium oxide optimized via Taguchi approach: Product characterization and energy analysis." Fuel 305, no. : 121543.
In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization technique was employed for investigating the impact of hydroxy gas (HHO) enriched diesel on performance, acoustics, smoke and exhaust gas emissions of the compression ignition (CI) engine. The engine was operated within the HHO flow rate range of 0–10 L/min and engine loads of 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75%. The results disclosed that HHO concentration and engine load had a substantial influence on the response variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results of developed quadratic models indicated the appropriate fit for all models. Moreover, the optimization of the user-defined historical design of an experiment identified an optimum HHO flow rate of 8 L/min and 41% engine load, with composite desirability of 0.733. The responses corresponding to optimal study factors were 25.44%, 0.315 kg/kWh, 117.73 ppm, 140.87 ppm, 99.37 dB, and 1.97% for brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), CO, HC, noise, and smoke, respectively. The absolute percentage errors (APEs) of RSM were predicted and experimental results were below 5%, which vouched for the reliable use of RSM for the prediction and optimization of acoustics and smoke and exhaust emission characteristics along with the performance of a CI engine.
Muhammad Usman; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Mei Ong; Muhammad Saleem; Muneeb Irshad; Zain Hassan; Fahid Riaz; Muhammad Shah; Muhammad Qyyum; Moonyong Lee; Pau Show. Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines. Processes 2021, 9, 1355 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Usman, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Mei Ong, Muhammad Saleem, Muneeb Irshad, Zain Hassan, Fahid Riaz, Muhammad Shah, Muhammad Qyyum, Moonyong Lee, Pau Show. Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines. Processes. 2021; 9 (8):1355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Usman; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Mei Ong; Muhammad Saleem; Muneeb Irshad; Zain Hassan; Fahid Riaz; Muhammad Shah; Muhammad Qyyum; Moonyong Lee; Pau Show. 2021. "Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines." Processes 9, no. 8: 1355.
The traditional pig manure wastewater treatment in Taiwan has been low in methane production efficiency due to unstable influent concentration, wastewater volume, and quality. Two-stage anaerobic systems, in contrast, have the advantage of buffering the organic loading rate in the first stage (hydrolysis-acidogenesis phase), allowing a more constant feeding rate to the second stage (methanogenesis phase). Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the operational period (0.5–2.0 d) and initial operational pH (4–10) for hydrolysis and acidogenesis of the swine manure (total solid 5.3%) at 35 °C in batch operation mode. A methanogenesis verification experiment with the optimal condition of operational period 1.5 d and pH 6.5 using batch operation resulted in peak volatile acid production 7 g COD/L, methane production rate (MPR) 0.3 L-CH4/L-d, and methane yield (MY) 92 mL-CH4/g-CODre (chemical oxygen demand removed). Moreover, a two-stage system including a hydrolysis-acidogenesis reactor with the optimal operating condition and a methanogenesis reactor provided an average MPR 163 mL/L-d and MY 38 mL/g volatile solids, which values are 60% higher than those of a single-stage system; both systems have similar dominant methane-producing species of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with each having around 30%–40%. The advantages of a two-stage anaerobic fermentation system in treating swine manure for biogas production are obvious.
Chiu-Yue Lin; Wai Chai; Chyi-How Lay; Chin-Chao Chen; Chun-Yi Lee; Pau Show. Optimization of Hydrolysis-Acidogenesis Phase of Swine Manure for Biogas Production Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Fermentation. Processes 2021, 9, 1324 .
AMA StyleChiu-Yue Lin, Wai Chai, Chyi-How Lay, Chin-Chao Chen, Chun-Yi Lee, Pau Show. Optimization of Hydrolysis-Acidogenesis Phase of Swine Manure for Biogas Production Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Fermentation. Processes. 2021; 9 (8):1324.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiu-Yue Lin; Wai Chai; Chyi-How Lay; Chin-Chao Chen; Chun-Yi Lee; Pau Show. 2021. "Optimization of Hydrolysis-Acidogenesis Phase of Swine Manure for Biogas Production Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Fermentation." Processes 9, no. 8: 1324.
Bacillus species have been well-documented as bacteria isolated from soil with primary characteristics which were identified, and applied on agriculture, wastewater treatment, pharmaceutic and human life. This study paid attention to the characterization of Bacillus strains isolated from a particular resource such as seafood wastewater, and to list which correlating and different properties with those coming from soil. Of 15 Bacillus strains isolated Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), which were analyzed by the phylogenetic tree from results of their sequences, were chosen for further investigation due to their majority of isolates. For antagonistic activity against E.coli ATCC 85922, no visible inhibitory zones were direct observed to isolates type strain B. cereus. Opposingly, of four B. subtilis exploiting this activity with AU>200, only one exhibited a strong AU of 327. In case of antibiotic susceptibility, B. subtilis was sensitive to most of the five antibiotics investigated in this study, particularly the high coefficient of cell's susceptibility over 0.8 against penicillin and tetracyclin. Additionally, the critical property in biofilm production, which was elucidated isolates, was amplified with two genes abrB and spo0A, and exhibited through SEM visualization.
Thi Ngoc Thu Tran; Nguyen Thi Dong Phuong; Ha Thuong Dinh; Bui Thi Tho; Ho Le Han; Truc Xuyen Nguyen‐Phan; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. Characterization of bacteria type strain Bacillus . spp isolated from extracellular polymeric substance harvested in seafood wastewater. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleThi Ngoc Thu Tran, Nguyen Thi Dong Phuong, Ha Thuong Dinh, Bui Thi Tho, Ho Le Han, Truc Xuyen Nguyen‐Phan, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show. Characterization of bacteria type strain Bacillus . spp isolated from extracellular polymeric substance harvested in seafood wastewater. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThi Ngoc Thu Tran; Nguyen Thi Dong Phuong; Ha Thuong Dinh; Bui Thi Tho; Ho Le Han; Truc Xuyen Nguyen‐Phan; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Characterization of bacteria type strain Bacillus . spp isolated from extracellular polymeric substance harvested in seafood wastewater." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology , no. : 1.
The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in early 2020 prompted a global lockdown from March to July 2020. Due to strict lockdown measures, many countries experienced economic downturns, negatively affecting many industries including energy, manufacturing, agriculture, finance, healthcare, food, education, tourism, and sports. Despite this, the COVID-19 pandemic provided a rare opportunity to observe the impacts of worldwide lockdown on global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and climate change. Being the main greenhouse gas responsible for rising global surface temperature, CO2 is released to the atmosphere primarily by burning fossil fuels. Compared to 2019, CO2 emissions for the world and Malaysia decreased significantly by 4.02% (−1365.83 MtCO2) and 9.7% (−225.97 MtCO2) in 2020. However, this is insufficient to cause long-term impacts on global CO2 levels and climate change. Therefore, in this review, we explored the effects of worldwide lockdown on global CO2 levels, the impacts of national lockdown on Malaysia’s CO2 emissions, and the influence of climate change in Malaysia.
Chung Tan; Mei Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Abd Shamsuddin; Pau Show. The Influence of COVID-19 on Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change: A Perspective from Malaysia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8461 .
AMA StyleChung Tan, Mei Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Abd Shamsuddin, Pau Show. The Influence of COVID-19 on Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change: A Perspective from Malaysia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8461.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChung Tan; Mei Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Abd Shamsuddin; Pau Show. 2021. "The Influence of COVID-19 on Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change: A Perspective from Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8461.
The experimental determination of thermophysical properties of nanofluid (NF) is time-consuming and costly, leading to the use of soft computing methods such as response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate these properties. The present study involves modelling and optimization of thermal conductivity and viscosity of NF, which comprises multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and thermal oil. The modelling is performed to predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of NF by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Both models were tested and validated, which showed promising results. In addition, a detailed optimization study was conducted to investigate the optimum thermal conductivity and viscosity by varying temperature and NF weight per cent. Four case studies were explored using different objective functions based on NF application in various industries. The first case study aimed to maximize thermal conductivity (0.15985 W/m oC) while minimizing viscosity (0.03501 Pa.s) obtained at 57.86 °C and 0.85 NF wt%. The goal of the second case study was to minimize thermal conductivity (0.13949 W/m °C) and viscosity (0.02526 Pa.s) obtained at 55.88 °C and 0.15 NF wt%. The third case study targeted maximizing thermal conductivity (0.15797 W/m °C) and viscosity (0.07611 Pa.s), and the optimum temperature and NF wt% were 30.64 °C and 0.0.85 respectively. The last case study explored the minimum thermal conductivity (0.13735) and maximum viscosity (0.05263 Pa.s) obtained at 30.64 °C and 0.15 NF wt%.
Khuram Maqsood; Abulhassan Ali; Suhaib Umer Ilyas; Sahil Garg; Mohd Danish; Aymn Abdulrahman; Saeed Rubaiee; Mustafa Alsaady; Abdulkader S. Hanbazazah; Abdullah Bin Mahfouz; Syahrir Ridha; Muhammad Mubashir; Hooi Ren Lim; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Pau Loke Show. Multi-objective optimization of thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids. Chemosphere 2021, 286, 131690 .
AMA StyleKhuram Maqsood, Abulhassan Ali, Suhaib Umer Ilyas, Sahil Garg, Mohd Danish, Aymn Abdulrahman, Saeed Rubaiee, Mustafa Alsaady, Abdulkader S. Hanbazazah, Abdullah Bin Mahfouz, Syahrir Ridha, Muhammad Mubashir, Hooi Ren Lim, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Pau Loke Show. Multi-objective optimization of thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids. Chemosphere. 2021; 286 ():131690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhuram Maqsood; Abulhassan Ali; Suhaib Umer Ilyas; Sahil Garg; Mohd Danish; Aymn Abdulrahman; Saeed Rubaiee; Mustafa Alsaady; Abdulkader S. Hanbazazah; Abdullah Bin Mahfouz; Syahrir Ridha; Muhammad Mubashir; Hooi Ren Lim; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Multi-objective optimization of thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids." Chemosphere 286, no. : 131690.
This study aims to investigate the density and viscosity of ternary biodiesel blends. Fuel density and viscosity play an important role in the fuel injection system, flame propagation, and combustion process in compression ignition engine. The density and viscosity of biodiesel are higher than high-speed diesel which is an implication in the commercialization of biodiesel. In the present study, palm oil has been used for the production of biodiesel through the ultrasound-assisted transesterification process. Three different types of fuel additives including butanol, dimethyl carbonate, and plastic oil have been used for the preparation of nine ternary biodiesel blends. The density and viscosity of individual fuels and ternary biodiesel were measured experimentally in a temperature range of 281.51 K–348.15 K. For the prediction of density and viscosity of ternary biodiesel blends, four density and viscosity models were developed. The prediction accuracy of these developed models was assessed by a statistical tool absolute percentage error (APE). Newly proposed exponential regression models predicted well compared to experimental data for density and viscosity values with high regression coefficient 0.9995 and 0.9841 and lower mean absolute percentage of error 0.012 % and – 0.516 % at (348.15 K) temperature respectively. These correlations are significant for the automobile industry in developing fuel pipeline and transport equipment where additives would be present in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends.
M.A. Mujtaba; M.A. Kalam; H.H. Masjuki; Luqman Razzaq; Haris Mehmood Khan; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; M. Gul; Waqar Ahmed; V. Dhana Raju; Ravinder Kumar; Hwai Chyuan Ong. Development of empirical correlations for density and viscosity estimation of ternary biodiesel blends. Renewable Energy 2021, 179, 1447 -1457.
AMA StyleM.A. Mujtaba, M.A. Kalam, H.H. Masjuki, Luqman Razzaq, Haris Mehmood Khan, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, M. Gul, Waqar Ahmed, V. Dhana Raju, Ravinder Kumar, Hwai Chyuan Ong. Development of empirical correlations for density and viscosity estimation of ternary biodiesel blends. Renewable Energy. 2021; 179 ():1447-1457.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.A. Mujtaba; M.A. Kalam; H.H. Masjuki; Luqman Razzaq; Haris Mehmood Khan; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; M. Gul; Waqar Ahmed; V. Dhana Raju; Ravinder Kumar; Hwai Chyuan Ong. 2021. "Development of empirical correlations for density and viscosity estimation of ternary biodiesel blends." Renewable Energy 179, no. : 1447-1457.
Microalgae offer unique potentials for developing advanced biorefineries, including third-generation biofuel production, wastewater treatment, and animal and aquaculture feed production. The thermodegradation of protein, lipid, and carbohydrates plays a vital role in the thermochemical conversion of microalgae for biofuel production. This work aims to investigate the kinetics and the interaction of extracted protein and lipid as well as model carbohydrates from microalgae to assist the development of microalgae conversion techniques, which have not been studied so far. Thermogravimetric analysis is integrated with an independent parallel reaction (IPR) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to explore the pyrolysis kinetics of three constituents (protein, lipid, and carbohydrates). The calorific values of the three constituents show that protein (5.33 MJ·kg−1) is not a suitable biofuel feedstock. In contrast, lipid (34.22 MJ·kg−1) and carbohydrates (15.37–15.84 MJ·kg−1) are considered as potential feedstocks for liquid and solid biofuel production, respectively. The pyrolysis processes suggest that the thermodegradation extent follows the order of carbohydrates > protein > lipid. The application of the IPR-PSO method on the pyrolysis kinetics of microalgae in three pseudo-components obtains a high fit quality (>96%) for all cases, indicating that the method is suitable to predict the kinetics parameters of the three constituents of microalgae. The effect analysis reveals that the synergistic effect accounts for about 50% of the total mass of the thermodegradation process of model carbohydrates, occuring at 200–320 °C. Meanwhile, the theoretical and experimental thermogravimetric analysis curve of combination of the three constituents suggests that there are four regions detected, including strong synergistic effect, weak antagonistic effect, weak synergistic effect, and strong antagonistic effect, respectively.
Ria Aniza; Wei-Hsin Chen; Yu-Ying Lin; Khanh-Quang Tran; Jo-Shu Chang; Su Shiung Lam; Young-Kwon Park; Eilhann E. Kwon; Meisam Tabatabaei. Independent parallel pyrolysis kinetics of extracted proteins and lipids as well as model carbohydrates in microalgae. Applied Energy 2021, 300, 117372 .
AMA StyleRia Aniza, Wei-Hsin Chen, Yu-Ying Lin, Khanh-Quang Tran, Jo-Shu Chang, Su Shiung Lam, Young-Kwon Park, Eilhann E. Kwon, Meisam Tabatabaei. Independent parallel pyrolysis kinetics of extracted proteins and lipids as well as model carbohydrates in microalgae. Applied Energy. 2021; 300 ():117372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRia Aniza; Wei-Hsin Chen; Yu-Ying Lin; Khanh-Quang Tran; Jo-Shu Chang; Su Shiung Lam; Young-Kwon Park; Eilhann E. Kwon; Meisam Tabatabaei. 2021. "Independent parallel pyrolysis kinetics of extracted proteins and lipids as well as model carbohydrates in microalgae." Applied Energy 300, no. : 117372.
Microalgae are a promising feedstock for carbon-neutral biofuel production due to their superior cellular composition. Alternatively, oxidative torrefaction has been recognized as a potential thermochemical technique for microalgal solid biofuel upgrading. Herein, by using microalga N. oceanica as a feedstock, several characterizations are adopted for evaluating the potential of oxidative torrefaction towards microalgal solid biofuel production. The oxidatively torrefied microalgae can be upgraded as lignite. After in-depth analysis, significant change in the surface microstructure of oxidatively torrefied microalgae is largely changed (via wrinkle and fragmentation) The hydrophobicity, thermal decomposition, thermal stability, and aromatization of oxidatively torrefied microalgae can be largely enhanced as the oxidative torrefaction severity increase. With the increasing torrefaction temperature, the hydrophobicity of oxidative torrefied microalgae gradually improved. The decomposition of C-2/3/5, and −OCH3, the CO bonds of CH3CO-, and the aromatization occurs via oxidative torrefaction according to the NMR analysis. For XPS analysis, torrefaction operation significantly decreases the carbide carbon and enhances the graphitization. As a result, the thermal stability of oxidatively torrefied microalgae is improved. Conclusively, the information obtained in this study can provide insights into the evaluation of oxidative torrefaction performance and fuel properties of microalgal solid biofuel, which may help accelerate the advancement of oxidative torrefaction industrialization.
Congyu Zhang; Shih-Hsin Ho; Wei-Hsin Chen; Rupeng Wang; Pau-Loke Show; Hwai Chyuan Ong. Oxidative torrefaction performance of microalga Nannochloropsis Oceanica towards an upgraded microalgal solid biofuel. Journal of Biotechnology 2021, 338, 81 -90.
AMA StyleCongyu Zhang, Shih-Hsin Ho, Wei-Hsin Chen, Rupeng Wang, Pau-Loke Show, Hwai Chyuan Ong. Oxidative torrefaction performance of microalga Nannochloropsis Oceanica towards an upgraded microalgal solid biofuel. Journal of Biotechnology. 2021; 338 ():81-90.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCongyu Zhang; Shih-Hsin Ho; Wei-Hsin Chen; Rupeng Wang; Pau-Loke Show; Hwai Chyuan Ong. 2021. "Oxidative torrefaction performance of microalga Nannochloropsis Oceanica towards an upgraded microalgal solid biofuel." Journal of Biotechnology 338, no. : 81-90.
The printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) is a promising waste heat recovery technology to improve energy efficiency. The current investigation presents the experimental results on the thermal performance of a novel PCHE for low-temperature waste heat recovery. The novel PCHE was manufactured using precision machining and diffusion bonding. The thermal performances, such as effectiveness and NTU values at different temperatures, are evaluated, and water is used as a working fluid. The experimental results indicate that the PCHE’s effectiveness is around 0.979 for an inlet flow temperature of 95 °C. The predominant factors affecting the thermal performance of the PCHE are the inlet flow temperature and the flow rate of the working fluid. In addition, a comparison of the experimental results and the literature shows that the effectiveness of the PCHE is better than the others, which have fewer layers of PCHE fins.
Cheng-Yen Chang; Wei-Hsin Chen; Lip Saw; Arjay Arpia; Manuel Carrera Uribe. Performance Analysis of a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger with a Novel Mirror-Symmetric Channel Design. Energies 2021, 14, 4252 .
AMA StyleCheng-Yen Chang, Wei-Hsin Chen, Lip Saw, Arjay Arpia, Manuel Carrera Uribe. Performance Analysis of a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger with a Novel Mirror-Symmetric Channel Design. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4252.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng-Yen Chang; Wei-Hsin Chen; Lip Saw; Arjay Arpia; Manuel Carrera Uribe. 2021. "Performance Analysis of a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger with a Novel Mirror-Symmetric Channel Design." Energies 14, no. 14: 4252.
Genetic engineering applications in the field of biofuel are rapidly expanding due to their potential to boost biomass productivity while lowering its cost and enhancing its quality. Recently, fourth-generation biofuel (FGB), which is biofuel obtained from genetically modified (GM) algae biomass, has gained considerable attention from academic and industrial communities. However, replacing fossil resources with FGB is still beset with many challenges. Most notably, technical aspects of genetic modification operations need to be more fully articulated and elaborated. However, relatively little attention has been paid to GM algal biomass. There is a limited number of reviews on the progress and challenges faced in the algal genetics of FGB. Therefore, the present review aims to fill this gap in the literature by recapitulating the findings of recent studies and achievements on safe and efficient genetic manipulation in the production of FGB. Then, the essential issues and parameters related to genome editing in algal strains are highlighted. Finally, the main challenges to FGB pertaining to the diffusion risk and regulatory frameworks are addressed. This review concluded that the technical and biosafety aspects of FGB, as well as the complexity and diversity of the related regulations, legitimacy concerns, and health and environmental risks, are among the most important challenges that require a strong commitment at the national/international levels to reach a global consensus.
Hoofar Shokravi; Zahra Shokravi; Mahshid Heidarrezaei; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor; Michal Petrů; Woei Jye Lau; Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: Challenges and future directions. Chemosphere 2021, 285, 131535 .
AMA StyleHoofar Shokravi, Zahra Shokravi, Mahshid Heidarrezaei, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor, Michal Petrů, Woei Jye Lau, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: Challenges and future directions. Chemosphere. 2021; 285 ():131535.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoofar Shokravi; Zahra Shokravi; Mahshid Heidarrezaei; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor; Michal Petrů; Woei Jye Lau; Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. 2021. "Fourth generation biofuel from genetically modified algal biomass: Challenges and future directions." Chemosphere 285, no. : 131535.
Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased in to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to have an effect on on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality.
S. Rahman; I. Fattah; Hwai Ong; Fajle Ashik; Mohammad Hassan; Tausif Murshed; Ashraful Imran; Rahman; Rahman; Mohammad Hasan; T. Mahlia. State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Energies 2021, 14, 4195 .
AMA StyleS. Rahman, I. Fattah, Hwai Ong, Fajle Ashik, Mohammad Hassan, Tausif Murshed, Ashraful Imran, Rahman, Rahman, Mohammad Hasan, T. Mahlia. State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Rahman; I. Fattah; Hwai Ong; Fajle Ashik; Mohammad Hassan; Tausif Murshed; Ashraful Imran; Rahman; Rahman; Mohammad Hasan; T. Mahlia. 2021. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 14: 4195.
The production of chemicals and fuels from renewable biomass with the primary aim of reducing carbon footprints has recently become one of the central points of interest. The use of lignocellulosic biomass for energy production is believed to meet the main criteria of maximizing the available global energy source and minimizing pollutant emissions. However, before usage in bioenergy production, lignocellulosic biomass needs to undergo several processes, among which biomass pretreatment plays an important role in the yield, productivity, and quality of the products. Acid-based pretreatment, one of the existing methods applied for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, has several advantages, such as short operating time and high efficiency. A thorough analysis of the characteristics of acid-based biomass pretreatment is presented in this review. The environmental concerns and future challenges involved in using acid pretreatment methods are discussed in detail to achieve clean and sustainable bioenergy production. The application of acid to biomass pretreatment is considered an effective process for biorefineries that aim to optimize the production of desired products while minimizing the by-products.
Anh Tuan Hoang; Sandro Nizetic; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Cheng Tung Chong; A.E. Atabani; Van Viet Pham. Acid-based lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for bioenergy production: Advantages, application constraints, and perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 296, 113194 .
AMA StyleAnh Tuan Hoang, Sandro Nizetic, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Cheng Tung Chong, A.E. Atabani, Van Viet Pham. Acid-based lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for bioenergy production: Advantages, application constraints, and perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 296 ():113194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnh Tuan Hoang; Sandro Nizetic; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Cheng Tung Chong; A.E. Atabani; Van Viet Pham. 2021. "Acid-based lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery for bioenergy production: Advantages, application constraints, and perspectives." Journal of Environmental Management 296, no. : 113194.
In this work, a novel Ni–Cu/Al2O3 catalyst is used to trigger the partial oxidation of methanol (POM) for hydrogen production. This reaction system also employed ultrasonic sprays to aid in dispersing methanol fuel. The prepared catalyst is analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to explore the catalyst's surface structure, elemental composition, and physical structure, respectively. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) is utilized for experimental design to achieve process optimization. The operating parameters comprise the O2/C molar ratio (0.5–0.7), preheating temperature (150–250 °C), and weight percent (wt%) of Ni (10–30%) in the catalyst. The results show that methanol conversion is 100% in all the operating conditions, while the reaction temperature for H2 production ranges from 160 to 750 °C, stemming from heat released by POM. The significance and suitability of operating conditions are also analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). It indicates that the highest H2 yield is 2 mol (mol CH3OH)−1, occurring at O2/C = 0.5, preheating temperature = 150 °C, and Ni wt% = 10. Compared with the commercial h-BN-Pt/Al2O3 catalyst, the prepared Ni–Cu/Al2O3 catalysts have higher activity for H2 production. The O2/C ratio is the most influential factor in the H2 yield. Moreover, the interaction of the O2/C ratio and Ni content is sound, reflecting that changing Ni content in the catalyst will affect the trend of H2 yield under each O2/C.
Yi-Kai Chih; Yu-Qi Su; Wei-Hsin Chen; Bo-Jhih Lin; Jenn-Kun Kuo; Siming You; Hong-Ping Lin. Optimization for hydrogen production from methanol partial oxidation over Ni–Cu/Al2O3 catalyst under sprays. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleYi-Kai Chih, Yu-Qi Su, Wei-Hsin Chen, Bo-Jhih Lin, Jenn-Kun Kuo, Siming You, Hong-Ping Lin. Optimization for hydrogen production from methanol partial oxidation over Ni–Cu/Al2O3 catalyst under sprays. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi-Kai Chih; Yu-Qi Su; Wei-Hsin Chen; Bo-Jhih Lin; Jenn-Kun Kuo; Siming You; Hong-Ping Lin. 2021. "Optimization for hydrogen production from methanol partial oxidation over Ni–Cu/Al2O3 catalyst under sprays." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , no. : 1.
Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.
Hoang Nguyen; My-Linh Nguyen; Chia-Hung Su; Hwai Ong; Horng-Yi Juan; Shao-Jung Wu. Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2021, 11, 812 .
AMA StyleHoang Nguyen, My-Linh Nguyen, Chia-Hung Su, Hwai Ong, Horng-Yi Juan, Shao-Jung Wu. Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production. Catalysts. 2021; 11 (7):812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoang Nguyen; My-Linh Nguyen; Chia-Hung Su; Hwai Ong; Horng-Yi Juan; Shao-Jung Wu. 2021. "Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production." Catalysts 11, no. 7: 812.
Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics of biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts are preferred for the industrial generation of biodiesel due to their robustness and low costs due to the easy separation and relatively higher reusability. Calcium oxides found in abundance in nature, e.g., in seashells and eggshells, are promising candidates for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. However, process improvements are required to design productive calcium oxide-based catalysts at an industrial scale. The current work presents an overview of the biodiesel production advancements using calcium oxide-based catalysts (e.g., pure, supported, and mixed with metal oxides). The review discusses different factors involved in the synthesis of calcium oxide-based catalysts, and the effect of reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield of calcium oxide-based catalysis are studied. Further, the common reactor designs used for the heterogeneous catalysis using calcium oxide-based catalysts are explained. Moreover, the catalytic activity mechanism, challenges and prospects of the application of calcium oxide-based catalysts in biodiesel generation are discussed. The study of calcium oxide-based catalyst should continue to be evaluated for the potential of their application in the commercial sector as they remain the pivotal goal of these studies.
Hoora Mazaheri; Hwai Ong; Zeynab Amini; Haji Masjuki; M. Mofijur; Chia Su; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Khan. An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective. Energies 2021, 14, 3950 .
AMA StyleHoora Mazaheri, Hwai Ong, Zeynab Amini, Haji Masjuki, M. Mofijur, Chia Su, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, T.M. Khan. An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3950.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoora Mazaheri; Hwai Ong; Zeynab Amini; Haji Masjuki; M. Mofijur; Chia Su; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Khan. 2021. "An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective." Energies 14, no. 13: 3950.