Oxidative stress, a condition characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body’s ability to detoxify them, has emerged as a pivotal factor in the pathophysiology of various diseases. Red blood cells (RBCs), essential components of the circulatory system, are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to their high oxygen-carrying capacity and the abundance of vulnerable biomolecules. This review comprehensively explores the intricate mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-induced damage to red blood cells and the subsequent implications for overall health and disease. We delve into the sources of ROS generation within RBCs, including metabolic processes and external factors, shedding light on the delicate redox balance that governs cellular homeostasis. The impact of oxidative stress on red blood cells extends beyond the confines of their primary physiological role, as these cells actively participate in immune responses, inflammation modulation, and nitric oxide metabolism. Consequently, understanding the implications of oxidative stress on RBCs provides valuable insights into the broader landscape of health and disease. In conclusion, this review underscores the critical role of oxidative stress in influencing red blood cell physiology and its far-reaching implications for human health. Elucidating the molecular intricacies of this relationship not only enhances our understanding of fundamental biological processes but also paves the way for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of oxidative stress on red blood cells and, by extension, on overall health.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA), a hereditary blood disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, poses a unique set of challenges for both patients and healthcare providers. One of the most pressing issues in the care of these individuals is the persistent threat of nosocomial infections, which are infections acquired during hospitalization. This abstract provides a concise overview of the ongoing challenge of nosocomial infections in SCA patients, highlighting the factors contributing to their vulnerability and the preventive measures in place. SCA patients face increased susceptibility to nosocomial infections due to their compromised immune systems, frequent hospitalizations, prolonged stays, and the need for invasive medical interventions. The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens further complicates the management of these infections. To address this challenge, healthcare facilities have implemented infection control protocols, vaccination strategies, and antimicrobial stewardship, emphasizing the importance of patient education. Recognizing the gravity of this issue and adopting comprehensive preventive measures is crucial to improving the quality of care and patient outcomes in this vulnerable population. Further research and ongoing efforts are essential to reducing the burden of nosocomial infections in SCA patients and enhancing their overall healthcare experience.

Background: Smoking is a leading cause of avoidable deaths and attributable disability-adjusted life years globally. Yet, the determinants of smoking practices among women are understudied. This study assessed the determinants of smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Methods and materials: Data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) were used in this study (n = 41,821). The data were adjusted for sampling weight, stratification, and cluster sampling design. The outcome variables were smoking status and smoking frequency (daily smoking and occasional smoking). The predictor variables included women’s socio-demographic and household characteristics. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to evaluate the association between outcome and predictor variables. All variables significant in bivariate analyses were further analysed using complex sample logistics regression. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of smoking among women of reproductive age is 0.3%. The prevalence of smoking frequency is 0.1% (daily) and 0.2% (occasionally). Overall, women aged 25-34 (AOR = 2.13, 95%CI: 1.06-4.29, ρ = 0.034), residing in the South-south region (AOR = 9.45, 95%CI: 2.04-43.72, ρ <0.001), being formerly married (AOR = 3.75, 95%CI: 1.52-9.21, ρ = 0.004), in female-headed households (AOR = 2.56, 95%CI: 1.29-5.08, ρ = 0.007) and owning mobile phones (AOR = 2.10, 95%CI: 1.13-3.90, ρ = 0.020) were more likely to smoke. Whereas female-headed households (AOR = 4.34, 95%CI: 1.37-13.77, ρ = 0.013) and being formerly married (AOR = 6.37, 95%CI: 1.67-24.24, ρ = 0.007) predisposed to daily smoking, age 15-24 (AOR = 0.11, 95%CI: 0.02-0.64, ρ = 0.014) was protective of daily smoking among women. Owning mobile phones (AOR = 2.43, 95%CI: 1.17-5.06, ρ = 0.018) increased the odds of occasional smoking among women. Conclusions: The prevalence rates of smoking and smoking frequency are low among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Women-centred approaches to tobacco prevention and cessation must become evidence-informed by incorporating these determinants into interventions targeting women of reproductive age in Nigeria.

The integration of phytochemicals with nanotechnology represents a promising approach to enhance nasal drug delivery, improving therapeutic efficacy and targeted brain delivery. This review explores recent advances in phytochemical–nanotechnology formulations and their applications in managing neurodegenerative diseases, respiratory disorders, and cancers. Phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin exhibit potent pharmacological properties but suffer from poor solubility and limited bioavailability. Nanotechnology-based systems-including nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanoemulsions-overcome these drawbacks by improving stability, absorption, and controlled release. However, challenges such as nasal mucosa irritation, formulation complexity, regulatory barriers, and scalability still impede clinical translation. Notably, encapsulation of curcumin in polymeric nanoparticles has been shown to enhance its solubility and bioavailability, producing improved therapeutic outcomes in preclinical Alzheimer’s models. Overall, this review underscores the synergistic potential of phytochemicals and nanotechnology in developing innovative nasal delivery platforms capable of providing targeted, effective, and patient-friendly treatment options for a range of medical conditions.

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are significant 21st-century pandemics with distinct virological and clinical characteristics. COVID-19 primarily presents as an acute respiratory illness, while HIV leads to chronic immune suppression. Understanding their differences can enhance public health strategies and treatment approaches. Purpose: This narrative review compares the virology, transmission, immune responses, and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV to inform treatment strategies and public health interventions. Methods: A narrative review was conducted, synthesizing data from peer-reviewed literature and expert commentary from 2010 to 2024. Databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies. Results: SARS-CoV-2 primarily spreads through airborne droplets and contaminated surfaces, while HIV transmits through direct contact with infected bodily fluids. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 involves both innate and adaptive systems, potentially leading to a cytokine storm in severe cases. In contrast, HIV evades the immune system by integrating into host cells, resulting in chronic infection and progressive immune deterioration. Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 focuses on symptom management and prevention, with antiviral medications and vaccines playing crucial roles. Conversely, HIV treatment relies on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress viral replication and maintain immune function. Conclusion: The review highlights the acute nature of SARS-CoV-2 versus the chronic progression of HIV. Tailored prevention and treatment strategies are essential for effective disease management. Recommendations: Public health strategies should address the unique transmission routes and progression of both viruses. Further research into vaccine development and therapeutic interventions is critical for improving disease management.

Anti-malarial drug resistance poses a significant challenge to global malaria control efforts, necessitating a deeper understanding of the evolutionary dynamics underlying the emergence and spread of resistance. This study explores how evolutionary theory provides a framework for elucidating the molecular mechanisms and genetic variation within parasite populations that drive resistance evolution. Drawing on recent research findings, we discuss the role of natural selection, genetic diversity, and fitness costs in shaping resistance phenotypes. Additionally, we highlight the implications of evolutionary insights for antimalarial drug policy, treatment guidelines, and future research directions. By integrating evolutionary biology principles with molecular epidemiology, this review aims to inform strategies for combating antimalarial drug resistance and advancing malaria treatment efforts. Using evolutionary theory to understand the dynamics of antimalarial drug resistance at the molecular level, we explored the influence of genetic variation within parasite populations on the emergence and spread of resistance. Antimalarial drug resistance poses a formidable challenge to global malaria control. By applying evolutionary theory to understand the dynamics of resistance emergence and spread at the molecular level, researchers can develop more effective strategies for surveillance, prevention, and treatment of drug-resistant malaria.