Study of autism via a methodical search strategy predominantly through the Scopus database. The search employed terms including "autism," "autism spectrum disorder," "ASD," alongside "cytogenetics," "chromosome," "chromosomal abnormality," "copy number variation," "CNV," and "aneuploidy." The inquiry was confined to English, peer-reviewed publications without temporal limitations. The inclusion criteria emphasized original research, reviews, and case reports that elucidate cytogenetic or chromosomal investigations in persons with autism, encompassing classic karyotyping, aCGH, and SNP arrays, accompanied by explicit descriptions of findings and diagnoses. The exclusion criteria eliminated research focused on single-gene mutations lacking a cytogenetic component, non-English publications, editorials, and studies in which chromosomal mosaicism was a secondary observation. The findings indicated a vigorous scientific production in autism research, with annual publications continuously over 300 from 2021 to 2023; however, a decrease was observed in 2024 and 2025. The United States prominently led in publications, with over 600 documents, followed by Italy, the United Kingdom, China, and Canada. Prominent authors such as J.D. Buxbaum and A. Kolezvon significantly influenced research productivity. The review methodologically emphasized the growing integration of advanced genetic testing, such as Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA), Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), in conjunction with behavioral evaluations. Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA) has become the recommended initial genetic assessment, detecting harmful copy number variations (CNVs) in 10-20% of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases, with elevated rates among individuals with intellectual disabilities. WES functioned as an ancillary instrument, providing diagnoses in 15-30% of ASD cohorts by identifying de novo pathogenic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variations (CNVs). Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), albeit costly, provided the most thorough genomic perspective, detecting complex structural variants and copy number variations (CNVs) overlooked by alternative methods.

The research was carried out in one of the laboratories of the Plant Production Techniques Department with three factors, the first of which is plant extracts at five levels (coriander, cumin, Nutsedge, nigella extracts, And control). The second factor is the duration of soaking at two levels (12 and 24) hours. The third factor is the cultivars of barley at three levels (local black barley, white Rayhan barley, and Zanbaqa barley). with three replications, the results were as follows: Coriander extract significantly outperformed the rest of the extracts in the average length of the leaf and the number of roots, The duration of soaking (12) hours was significantly superior to the duration of (24) hours in all the studied traits. And that the cultivar Rayhan was significantly superior to the local black and Zanbaqa cultivars in the average length of the stalk. The interaction with coriander extract and soaking time (12) hours was significantly superior to all interactions in the average coleoptile length and number of roots. The interaction between coriander extract and soaking time (12) hours was significantly superior to the rest of the interactions in the average droplet length and the number of roots. And that the interaction between coriander extract and the local black variety was significantly superior to the rest of the interactions in the average length of the coleoptile. The interaction between the soaking period (12) hours and the cultivar Rayhan achieved the highest rate of rising of the straw. The triple interaction between coriander extract, period (12) hours and the local black variety, achieved a significant superiority over the rest of the interactions in the average length of the coleoptile.

The research was carried out at the Agricultural Technical College / Mosul, to study the effect of cumin extract on barley culture with three factors, the first is (comparator and cumin extract), the second is the duration of soaking (6 and 12) hours, and the third is barley varieties (local, rayhan, zanbaqa), using the design of (CRD) and three replicates. At the end of the research, the data were recorded and analyzed according to the SAS program, and the different averages were distinguished by different alphabets, and the results were: Cumin extract was significantly superior to the control treatment in all studied traits, except for the number of roots. The duration of (12) hours was significantly superior to the duration of (6) hours in the wet and dry weight of the seedling. The barley zanbaqa cultivar outperformed the local and rayhan cultivars in all the studied traits. The interaction between cumin extract and the duration of (12) hours achieved significant superiority in all the studied traits. The interaction between cumin extract and zanbaqa cultivar was significantly superior in seedling wet weight, root length and vegetative length. The interaction between the period (12) hours and the zanbaqa variety caused a significant superiority in all the studied traits. The interaction between cumin extract, duration (12) hours, and zanbaqa cultivar was significantly superior to the rest of the interactions in wet and dry weight and root length.. The active compounds separated from the aqueous extract of cumin were diagnosed by GCMS and it was found that there are 9 compounds, 2 of which are phenolic and 7 of which are fatty acids.

This article reviews scientific papers on Nano-encapsulation of cinnamon and coriander extract, including their bio stability and how well birds absorb them through their intestines as well as how they've affected quail production. Although there have been several studies conducted involving the use of Cinnamon and Coriander to enhance growth rates, feed conversion ratios and egg production, the major limitation has been the relatively low levels of stability and bioavailability of the herbals. By using Nano-encapsulation to increase the amount of active ingredient protected so that it has a longer time to be absorbed into the bird's system more effectively than with conventional methods, researchers have found that this method may allow for improved intestinal absorption due to improved interaction with the avian gut system and potentially improved intestinal health and immune response. However, relative to the direct studies performed on avian species, there are limited amounts of material available exploring this concept. This review will provide a summary of both the advantages and current gaps in our understanding and will highlight the need for additional research studies looking at the stability of commercial feeds containing these additives over extended periods, potential safety issues regarding long-term use of these additives and opportunities for the use of these additives to develop economically viable feed sources in our poultry businesses, particularly in developing natural nutrition programs using these nano-encapsulated forms as a complement to existing conventional feeds.