The urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection, especially in women. The increased incidence of UTIs, at the last decades have paralleled with the growing emergence of antibiotic resistance. The aim is to evaluate aqueous garlic extract (AGE) susceptibility against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated in urine of women. The investigation of antibacterial propriety and time kill effect of AGE was performed by the well method, microdilution method and spectrophotometer assay. Antibiotics susceptibility assay revealed that the nine MDR bacteria had high resistance against Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (100%) and Erythromycin (100%), Cefotaxime (83.33%) and Ceftazidime (83.33%). AGE exhibited potent antibacterial activity against the nine MDR bacteria tested. In Gram-negative bacteria, the inhibition diameters ranged from 20 ± 3 to 32 ± 4 mm, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) ranging from 10% to 12.5% (w/v) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBCs) was 12.5 % (w/v). Gram-positive bacteria exhibited diameters ranging from 38 ± 2 to 45 ± 1 mm; MIC and MBC values ranged from 05 to 10 % (w/v) and were found more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria. To conclude, this investigation shown that AGE have high potential antibacterial to use as an alternative to treat women UTIs.

Eimeria species cause coccidiosis, a poultry disease that occurs worldwide. Infection is linked to decreased feed efficiency and body weight increase. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of coccidian species in Togolese poultry farms and evaluate the anticoccidial efficacy of three local medicinal plants. From July to September 2023, two hundred and ninety-five fecal samples were randomly collected using a cross-sectional observational study in the maritime region of Togo, specifically in Vo, Lacs, Zio, and Grand-Lomé districts. Data on risk factors were collected through an interview with the poultry farmers. All fecal samples collected were subjected to Eimeria oocyst counting using the standard McMaster technique. The anticoccidial activity of the extract of Azadirachta indica leaves Carica papaya seeds, and Sarcocephalus latifolius roots in a completely randomized design was evaluated on 23-day-old male Isa brown chicks infected with 30.104 oocysts. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, lesion score, proportion of bloody droppings, anticoccidial index, and excretion of coccidia oocysts were assessed. The results revealed an overall prevalence of 39.66% (117/295) for coccidiosis, with 75% of positive samples having fewer than 10,000 oocysts/g. The logistic regression test indicated that the interval between two anticoccidial prophylaxis applications, age, management, and breed were significant risk factors associated with coccidial infection, with young chicks (≤ 8 weeks) being 5.66 times more susceptible than those older ones (8 weeks) with 0.86 as an odd ratio. Six Eimeria species were identified, with E. maxima (54.17%), E. brunetti (33.33%), and E. tenella (25%) being the most common. The anticoccidial efficacy of Azadirachta indica leaves, Carica papaya seeds Sarcocephalus latifolius roots extract, and amprolium was demonstrated by a reduction in lesion scores, bloody diarrhea, and oocysts per gram in feces (OPG) as well as an improvement in body weight, feed conversion ratio, and production efficiency factor when compared to infected and untreated groups. The anticoccidial index was marked in the chickens treated with Sarcocephalus latifolius roots extract (170) and amprolium (176). The findings of this large-scale epidemiological study and anticoccidial efficacy tests revealed that these Togolese medicinal plants can be sustainable and cost-effective strategies for coccidiosis control.

Purpose: The use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has greatly promoted the intensification of animal production in recent decades. However, the improper use of these veterinary antibiotics causes their residues to be present in foodstuffs of animal origin and thus creates public health issues. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the impact of the presence of antibiotic residues on bacteriological quality of meat and chicken eggs in Togo.Methodology: a survey was carried out among hundred chicken farmers in six markets in the city of Lomé. Then, AFNOR's routine method and the rapid Test method (Premi test) were used to assess the bacteriological quality and the presence of antibiotics in Chicken meats (54 samples) and eggs (36 samples). The statistical analysis is done with software SPSS v25.Results: The results of surveys of our operators have shown that broilers and laying hens are the most represented in the six markets. None of the interviewees ever received any training in biosecurity, food security and good hygiene practice. Out of 90 samples analyzed, 18.89% are positive for antibiotic residues with 99.51% of correlation between antibiotic residues and origin of the sample (p<0.05). Regarding microbiological quality, 16,7% (13/78) of compliance sample are positive to antibiotic residues and 33.3% (4/12) of no compliance sample are positive for antibiotic residues with 92.91% of correlation between microbiology quality and antibiotics residues (p <0.05).Conclusion: The presence of antibiotic residues in the chicken meat and eggs influence the detection of microorganisms. This leads to a food security problem in Togo.

Tchakpalo is a fermented West African beverage with specific microbial and physicochemical features, with high variability, influencing its quality and consumer acceptance of this beverage. This study investigates sensory preferences to guide improvements and standardization in Tchakpalo production. Ten Tchakpalo samples from various producers were analyzed for physicochemical parameters (pH, alcohol content, and Brix); microbial composition (yeasts, lactic acid bacteria [LAB], and coliforms); and the presence of pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and E. coli . Sensory analysis was performed with 30 panelists using a 5‐point scale to assess aroma, flavor, appearance, and texture attributes. Statistical analyses explored the relationships between microbial content, physicochemical traits, and sensory scores. Results indicated a high diversity among samples. Physicochemical ranges included pH (3.27–4.07), alcohol content (2.50%–5.10%), and Brix (6.53–9.50). No pathogens were detected. Yeast and LAB predominated, with counts of 6.84–9.29 log CFU/mL and 6.30 to 9.04 log CFU/mL, respectively. The diversity of yeasts ranged from 0.90 to 1.40, while LAB diversity ranged from 0.88 to 1.40. Samples 8 and 9 exhibited the highest overall diversity (1.38). Sensory analysis identified Tchakpalo sample 7 as the most preferred, scoring highest in flavor (4.6) and overall acceptability. Flavor positively correlated with LAB diversity ( r = 0.489, p = 0.006), while pH negatively impacted acceptability ( r = −0.373, p < 0.05). Specific microbes, such as Lactobacillus fermentum , enhanced aroma and flavor, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae correlated positively with Brix and alcohol content. These findings highlight the critical role of microbial diversity and physicochemical properties in shaping Tchakpalo ’s sensory quality. By understanding these factors, producers can optimize fermentation processes to achieve consistent, high‐quality products that meet consumer preferences. This study provides practical insights for improving Tchakpalo production, ensuring better quality and broader acceptance of this traditional beverage.