Drug resistance remains a critical obstacle in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), contributing to high mortality rates, particularly in advanced stages. Conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted drugs, often face limitations such as systemic toxicity, poor drug selectivity and the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR). Recent studies have explored the use of apigenin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, as a promising therapeutic agent against drug-resistant CRC. This review aims to summarize and critically evaluate current research on the use of apigenin-loaded nanoarchitectures in overcoming drug resistance mechanisms in CRC. Specifically, it examines the efficacy of apigenin when delivered via various nanocarriers, including PLGA nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles and liposomal formulations. These nanoarchitectures enhance the bioavailability, targeted delivery and sustained release of apigenin, improving its therapeutic efficacy. Apigenin-loaded nanoparticles effectively increase cellular uptake, circumvent drug efflux pumps and induce apoptosis in drug-resistant CRC cells. They also inhibit cancer cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle and suppressing oncogenic pathways, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Furthermore, apigenin disrupts angiogenesis and inflammation, thereby weakening the tumor microenvironment. Synergistic effects with conventional chemotherapy further underscore apigenin's potential as a chemo-sensitizer and in combination therapy, offering a promising avenue for reducing drug resistance in CRC. The findings suggest that apigenin nanoarchitectures could be a powerful strategy for enhancing CRC treatment outcomes, providing a foundation for further clinical development.

This set of cases provides important evidence of re‐infection and recurrence of SARS‐CoV‐2 even for the third time. Consequently, this possibility should be considered more in recurrent patients with Covid‐19 symptoms.

Background: Distal radius fractures are one of the most common upper extremity fractures, and their incidence continues to increase due to an aging population and an increase in osteoporosis. Various methods of analgesia for distal radius fractures have been described—including hematoma blocks and nerve blocks. Hematoma blocks are a simple and ...

Background: Nowadays, ceftriaxone is being used widely and its use is less compatible with the current guidelines. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate use of ceftriaxone. The results may help to find a way to prevent its inappropriate use in the emergency department (ED). Methods: In this observational-analytical study, the patients who were referred to EDs of two teaching hospitals from September 23, 2019, to March 19, 2020, and treated with ceftriaxone were analyzed. The appropriate use of ceftriaxone was determined based on the latest evidence-based literature. Results: Ceftriaxone had been prescribed properly in 156 patients (38.4%; 95% CI, 33.5-42.9%) and its use did not meet logical criteria in the remaining 250 patients (69.6%; 95% CI, 57.1-66.5%). The appropriate use of ceftriaxone was independently related to goal-directed use, level I triage, urinalysis (U/A) indicating urinary tract infection (UTI), and chest radiographic evidence of pneumonia. Conclusion: Our study revealed the inappropriate use of ceftriaxone in teaching medical centers; therefore, further education seems to be necessary in this field.

Background: Timely diagnosis of small bowel obstruction (SBO) is essential to prevent complications. While computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for diagnosing SBO due to its high sensitivity and specificity, it has notable limitations, including radiation exposure, high cost, delayed diagnosis, and limited accessibility. Recently, ultrasound has gained ...