Hormonal changes, particularly in estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone, during the menopausal transition affect lipid and glucose metabolism, thereby

Hypogonadism is an established complication in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, potentially exacerbating metabolic dysregulation and impairing quality of life. Global studies have documented an elevated prevalence of hypogonadism among diabetic individuals. However, there remains a scarcity of data regarding the prevalence and contributing factors of hypogonadism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia, particularly in the Gondar region. This comparative cross-sectional study included 330 participants (165 with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 165 age-matched controls), selected via systematic random sampling from June 27 to August 20, 2024. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and 5 mL blood samples were obtained by laboratory technologist. Analysis using SPSS version 25 involved descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and binary logistic regression to identify factors associated with hypogonadism, with significance set at p < 0.05. The mean age of participants was 57 ± 8.9 years in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) group and 55 ± 8.6 years among controls. Hypogonadism was identified in 30.3% of individuals with T2DM, compared to 7.2% in the control group. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that T2DM, elevated fasting blood glucose, advancing age, dys-regulated high-density lipoprotein levels, and obesity were independently associated with increased odds of hypogonadism. The prevalence of hypogonadism was markedly higher in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to the control group, concomitant with a significantly lower mean testosterone level. Multivariate analyses identified fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein levels, advanced age, the presence of diabetes, and obesity as independent risk factors for hypogonadism. Notably, modifiable factors such as obesity, in conjunction with key metabolic indicators, underscore potential targets for intervention to alleviate the burden of hypogonadism in diabetic patients.

The anterior pituitary gland secretes the peptide hormone prolactin, which is important for lactation, reproductive health, and metabolic regulation. Its secretion is primarily regulated by dopamine and also its elevated level is known as hyperprolactinemia. The aim of this study was to assess serum prolactin level in T2DM patients at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from June 27 to August 20, 2024 involving 330 study participants selected using systematic random sampling. Of these, 165 were male patients with T2DM and 165 were apparently healthy controls. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data were measured by structured questionnaires. Hormonal parameters, Fasting blood sugar and lipid profiles were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay and spectrophotometric principles respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and binary logistic regression were performed with significance set at p < 0.05. The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was 9.1% in T2DM patients and 6.1% in the control group. A statistically significant difference in mean serum prolactin level was observed between T2DM and control group (7.79 ± 2.9 vs. 6.81 ± 3.1, p-value = 0.004) respectively. Hyperprolactinemia was more likely to occur in study individuals with high dietary diversity (AOR = 3.213, 95% CI: 1.253–8.239, P-value = 0.015). The incidence of hyperprolactinemia increases by 1.009 (95% CI: 1.001–1.018; P-value = 0.035) for every unit rise in FBS (1 mg/dl). In conclusion, the mean serum prolactin level was significantly higher among T2DM patients compared to healthy control groups. In addition, the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was higher in T2DM patients than the control groups. Dietary diversity and elevated FBS were a significant predictors of hyperprolactinemia. So, the healthcare providers should consider routine screening of serum prolactin level in patients diagnosed with T2DM.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most common clinical conditions for emergency surgery. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis remains challenging for surgeons. Researchers are still looking for a parameter that is less expensive and easily available for diagnosis. The main aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of inflammatory biomarkers for AA and the severity of inflammation. Methods: A prospective comparative cross‐sectional study was conducted among 161 participants (80 with acute appendicitis and 81 non‐AA abdominal pain controls) recruited using a consecutive sampling technique. The study was conducted from August 21, 2024 to January 16, 2025. In this study, we have investigated the diagnostic utility of white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic inflammatory index (SII) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) for AA. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test and visual inspections. Mean differences for WBC were compared using the Independent sample t ‐test, while the Mann–Whitney U test was employed for others. ROC curve analysis was done for statistically significant parameters ( p value < 0.05 with 95%CI). Post‐hoc power analysis was performed using G*Power 3.1.9.7 to ensure study robustness. Result: Males account for 57.76% of participants. The mean age of non‐AA and AA group was 26.47 ± 8.53 and 24.34 ± 9.77 years, respectively. The AA group demonstrated significantly higher WBC, NLR, SII and SIRI levels compared to non‐AA. Significantly higher WBC, NLR, SII and SIRI levels were observed in complicated AA (CAA) groups relative to simple AA (SAA) groups. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of WBC, NLR, SII, and SIRI to diagnose AA was 0.814, 0.834, 0.816, and 0.814, respectively. WBC, NLR, SII, and SIRI can predict CAA with AUC of 0.722, 0.781, 0.770, and 0.715, respectively. Conclusion: Inflammatory markers, including WBC, NLR, SII, and SIRI have acceptable diagnostic performance for AA. Additionally, WBC, NLR, SII and SIRI possess potential for differentiating CAA from SAA. It may be better for surgeons to consider the level of NLR, SII and SIRI for the diagnosis of AA and to determine its severity. However, further studies on a larger sample size are recommended to validate their clinical utility.

Introduction: Thyroid dysfunction is the second most common endocrine disorder globally, posing a significant public health challenge during pregnancy after gestational diabetes mellitus. Given the wide regional variations in reported data, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine a definitive pooled prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant women to better inform clinical practice. Methods: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and is registered in PROSPERO with registration protocol number of CRD42024581530. Five primary databases—PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify relevant studies. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool. Data were extracted into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using STATA (version 17) software. Pooled prevalence estimates for thyroid dysfunction and its primary components were determined using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was measured via I ² statistics, and publication bias was evaluated using Funnel plots and Egger’s test. Result: A total of 48 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant women was 16.12% (95% CI: 13.97, 18.27, I ² =98.16, p<0.001) using random effect model. The pooled prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overt hyperthyroidism were 11.53% (95% CI: 8.954, 14.095), 3.29 (95% CI: 2.242, 4.330), 1.56% (95% CI: 0.809, 2.312), and 1.13% (95% CI: 0.363, 1.888) respectively. Conclusion: This meta-analysis found that thyroid dysfunction is a significant health concern among pregnant women affecting a significant proportion across studies. Subclinical hypothyroidism was identified as the most common subtype, while overt hyperthyroidism was comparatively rare.