Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and productivity, and plant stress responses are affected by both the intensity of stress and genotype. In Iraqi Kurdistan, tomato plants play a significant role in the country’s economy. Due to climate change, which causes soil moisture to diminish, the crop’s growth and yield have been dropping in recent years. Accordingly, the effects of simulated drought stress on germination parameters were assessed in 64 tomato accessions gathered from the Iraqi Kurdistan region in order to identify sensitive and tolerant accessions. In this respect, the responses associated with drought stress were observed phenotypically and biochemically. Germination percentage (GP) and morphological characteristics such as root length (RL), shoot length (SL), and shoot fresh weight (SFW) were significantly reduced in both stress treatments with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) (7.5% PEG and 15% PEG). On the other hand, significant changes in biochemical profiles such as proline content (PC), soluble sugar content (SSC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AC), guaiacol peroxidase (GPA), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LP) in tomato accessions were detected; all biochemical traits were increased in most tomato accessions under the PEG-induced treatments compared to the control treatment (0.0% PEG). Three tomato accessions (AC61 (Raza Pashayi), AC9 (Wrdi Be Tow), and AC63 (Sandra)) were found to be the most tolerant accessions under all drought conditions, whereas the performances of the other tested accessions (AC13 (Braw), AC30 (Yadgar), and AC8 (Israili)) were inferior. The OMIC analysis identified the biomarker parameters for differentiating the highly, moderately, and low tolerant groups as PC, SSC, and TPC. This study shows that early PEG-6000 screening for drought stress may help in choosing a genotype that is suitable for growth in water-stressed environments. Hence, Raza Pashayi, Wrdi Be Tow, and Sandra accessions, which had great performances under drought conditions, can be candidates for selection in a breeding program to improve the growth of plants and production in the areas that face water limits.

This study was carried out in Bakrajo Technical Institute, affiliates to the Sulaimania Polytechnic University. The investigation was done to find the relationships between genotypes and sowing times of five chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) during 2017-2018 seasons. Genotypes and sowing time are two significant variables which have impact on crop performance. However, heat stress throughout reproductive growth it is possible to cause Significant productivity loss. According to the environment conditions in winter season in the northern Iraq; crop meets slight heat and the acceptable moisture during reproductive growth and maturity. This leads to resulting in maximum and consistent yields, as well as there is a positive correlation between Maturity and Seed Yield (kg/h) as resulted from the experiment. Experimentation was laid out in a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications applied. Results of analysis of variance outlined that there was significant difference between chickpeas varieties in the most of traits such as no. of branches per plant, 50 % flowering, no. of pods per plant ,leaf area , seeds weight per plant and the 100 seeds weight plus harvest index, which in turn give a share in to raise yields and yield components. Sowing time and varieties had significant effects on all measured trait, Ghab 1; Filip 2 and Filip 3 winters sowing genotypes gave higher seed yield, 1582.66, 1554.66 and 1533.33 Kg/h respectively. Minimum yield 662, 480 Kg/h was recorded in the Local and Swrka spring sowing genotype.

This study was carried out in Bakrajo Technical Institute, affiliates to the Sulaimania Polytechnic University. The investigation was done to find the relationships between genotypes and sowing times of five chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) during 2017-2018 seasons. Genotypes and sowing time are two significant variables which have impact on crop performance. However, heat stress throughout reproductive growth it is possible to cause Significant productivity loss. According to the environment conditions in winter season in the northern Iraq; crop meets slight heat and the acceptable moisture during reproductive growth and maturity. This leads to resulting in maximum and consistent yields, as well as there is a positive correlation between Maturity and Seed Yield (kg/h) as resulted from the experiment. Experimentation was laid out in a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications applied. Results of analysis of variance outlined that there was significant difference between chickpeas varieties in the most of traits such as no. of branches per plant, 50 % flowering, no. of pods per plant ,leaf area , seeds weight per plant and the 100 seeds weight plus harvest index, which in turn give a share in to raise yields and yield components. Sowing time and varieties had significant effects on all measured trait, Ghab 1; Filip 2 and Filip 3 winters sowing genotypes gave higher seed yield, 1582.66, 1554.66 and 1533.33 Kg/h respectively. Minimum yield 662, 480 Kg/h was recorded in the Local and Swrka spring sowing genotype.