Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and patterns of GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) use for weight loss and to identify factors associated with their use among overweight and obese adults in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among overweight and obese adults aged 18 years and older residing in the Eastern Province. Data were collected in December 2024 using an online, self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the prevalence of GLP-1 RA use, while chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations between GLP-1 RA use and relevant independent variables. Results: A total of 1264 participants were included. The lifetime prevalence of GLP-1 RA use was 18.2%, with 14.2% reporting current use. Injectable semaglutide (Ozempic) was the most commonly used medication (73.9%). Most individuals reported initiating treatment based on a doctor’s recommendation (70.4%), although 36.5% began use based on personal decision. Multivariable logistic regression identified several factors significantly associated with GLP-1 RA use, including obesity status, diabetes, prior weight-loss attempts, having family members or friends who use GLP-1 RAs, and studying or working in a health-related field. Conclusions: GLP-1 RA use is substantial among overweight and obese adults in the Eastern Province. In addition to medical conditions, social influences and involvement in health-related fields appear to shape use. These findings emphasize the need for awareness initiatives promoting appropriate GLP-1 RA use and stricter adherence to prescription guidelines.