Leptospirosis, a major issue in veterinary medicine and public health, is a bacterial systemic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. This infectious disease affects a wide range of animal species, including humans, indicating its widespread impact. Leptospires are highly diverse, with over 20 species, which are divided into over 300 serovars and more than 24 serogroups, which complicates the pathogenicity of the disease. Leptospirosis causes economic losses in livestock, which has larger consequences for food security and farming communities. Leptospirosis develops differently in livestock and wildlife, with small mammals, especially rodents, playing a crucial role as maintenance hosts. Effective management requires surveillance systems that employ serological, molecular, and cultural approaches. The interdependence of human and animal health emphasizes the need for a worldwide One Health approach that prioritizes collaborative work, research, and targeted interventions to address the multifaceted challenges of leptospirosis in a unified manner.