Nanopore pyrolytic graphite coatings (PyC, average pore size ∼64 nm) were prepared on graphite to inhibit liquid fluoride salt and Xe ¹³⁵ penetration.

Two forms of fine-grained isotropic graphite, derived from mixed fillers by the isostatic pressing method, NG (filler with 100% natural graphite flake) and 75N25C-G (mixed filler with 75 wt.% natural graphite flake and 25 wt.% calcined coke) were prepared and irradiated with 7 MeV Xe²⁶⁺ to investigate its irradiation behaviors. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra show that the initial graphitization degree of 75N25C-G is lower than that of NG, but the crystallite sizes are larger due to calcined coke in the filler particles. After irradiation, the stacking height of crystallite sizes along c-axis directions (L_c) of NG increased, and Lc of 75N25C-G decreased. This can be attributed to irradiation-induced catalytic graphitization of calcined coke, and is also the reason that the dislocation density of 75N25C-G increases slower than that of NG. After irradiation, the crystallite sizes along a-axis directions (L_a) of NG and 75N25C-G reduced, but this trend was more obvious in irradiated 75N25C-G; this was closely related to the change of the surface morphology. The results show that the effect of the content of natural graphite flakes in the filler on the initial graphitization degree determines the difference in microstructure evolution caused by irradiation.

Gravity's rainbow is a well-studied modified theory of gravity based on a modified energy–momentum dispersion relation in the UV limit. Within this framework, the spacetime metric depends on the energy of the test particle. We extend the Banados-Silk-West effect to the static spherically symmetric black hole and rotating black hole in gravity's rainbow. Through a systematic investigation of the effects of different rainbow functions on the center-of-mass energy of two test particles colliding outside the event horizon, we discussed the possibility of infinite center-of-mass energy Ecm and the corresponding motion parameters. By employing rainbow functions[[EQUATION]], infinite Ecm can be achieved through collisions occurring outside the event horizon, rather than being confined solely to collisions near the event horizon.