Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research aims to publish findings of doctors at grass root level and post graduate students, so that all unique medical experiences are recorded in literature.

This literature review was done to estimate the uses and effectiveness of carbon monoxide (CO) breath analyzers in identifying smokers and evaluating the role it can play in tobacco cessation programs. A web-based research on PubMed and Scopus from date of inception till 2016 was done for collecting data for the review. Our inquiry was limited to relevant articles with specific keywords. During the web search title and abstracts, 118 articles were screened for content and quality and 66 articles were selected to get an update on the desired information. As on date, there is enough evidence to prove the reasonably high sensitivity and specificity of CO analyzers in distinguishing smokers and nonsmokers. It also correlates well with smoking status. Its primary application is in validating smoking abstinence and as a motivational tool in smoking cessation programs. Due to its advantages over other biochemical assays, it is used in screening large population, in developing countries and in research. It can also detect pregnant women who are smokers and victims of passive tobacco exposure. However, it does possess limitations which have to be taken into account when using it. It can be concluded that CO analyzers are proven to have great potential and can be used as an adjunct in achieving the goal of combating tobacco addiction. It is cheap, noninvasive, gives immediate results, easy to use, and it can be self-administered by individuals. It should henceforth be considered as an invaluable tool for tobacco cessation programs.

The present study aimed to compare the picture quality and color accuracy of three cameras, namely, Point and shoot, DSLR and mobile cameras, and determine the most suitable camera for dental photography (intra-orally and for casts). A computer program, namely, NRM (No-Reference matrix BRISQUE), was used to evaluate the quality of the photos taken by three cameras. Further, color accuracy was determined by computation of total color difference (ΔE) by identifying the L∗a∗b∗ values.

Introduction: Pigmentation of the gingiva is a negative factor in an otherwise acceptable “smile window.” Recently, cryosurgery and laser techniques have gained popularity for depigmentation and seem to be the most reliable and satisfactory procedures. To our knowledge, this case series is unique and is the first reporting comparison of cryosurgery and lasers in the literature.Case Series: The study included 20 patients who presented with a chief complaint of “black gums” and requested cosmetic therapy. They were randomly divided into group A and group B of 10 patients each. Patients in group A were treated using a diode laser. The laser beam was set at 0.70 W power, 200 J energy, in continuous mode. Patients in group B were treated using tetrafluoroethane cryosurgery. Patients were followed for 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Gingival depigmentation was assessed using a new index system, gingival pigmentation index, on the day of first depigmentation and at the end of 18 months. Patient satisfaction was evaluated by using a simple questionnaire. Both procedures were equally effective in depigmentation. At the 18‐month follow‐up, spotted repigmentation was found in one case in each group. Although there was initial healing discomfort and mild pain with cryosurgery, all the patients were satisfied with the esthetic outcomes.Conclusion: During the 18‐month follow‐up, the depigmentation achieved using both the techniques was found equivalent and satisfactory.

Background/Objectives: Toothbrushing is a recommended daily practice that helps sustain oral health. However, if performed improperly, it can lead to loss of tooth structure and injury to soft tissues. We explored this topic with an extensive literature search. Methods: A literature search was performed across textbooks and journals for original research and review articles in Scopus, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Cochrane databases, published between 1967 and 2024. Results: The search result yielded 118 articles that were suitable to include in this review. Toothpaste abrasivity plays a major role in combination with toothbrush forces. Therefore, maintaining forces between 2 and 3 N may be gentler on the tissue. Electric toothbrushes are safer. Toothpastes with low RDA values are also less abrasive. Active ingredients in whitening and desensitizing toothpaste can induce tooth wear. Remineralizing agents have the potential to manage the associated lesions. Conclusions: Cervical abrasions and gingival recession occur frequently due to oral hygiene measures. Standards in oral hygiene aid to match patient needs can prevent hard and soft tissue loss.