A learning strategy underutilized in medical education is mind mapping. Mind maps are multi-sensory tools that may help medical students organize, integrate, and retain information. Recent work suggests that using mind mapping as a note-taking strategy facilitates critical thinking. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a relationship existed between mind mapping and critical thinking, as measured by the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT), and whether a relationship existed between mind mapping and recall of domain-based information.

Purpose: This study reports the secondary effects of a constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) protocol on spatial temporal parameters of gait, balance, and functional locomotor mobility in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Sixteen children (4–12 years old) participated in a 3-week CIMT program. Participants were tested on the first and last day of the CIMT program using the Standardized Walking Obstacle Course (SWOC), the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) and the GAITRite Gold system (CIR Systems, Inc, Havertown, Pennsylvania). Results: Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used on all pre- and posttests. Only the spatial temporal parameters of cadence and velocity differed significantly, with 12 subjects displaying a faster cadence (P = .02) and 10 subjects displaying a faster velocity (P = .05). Conclusion: In this pilot study, CIMT was found to promote changes in 2 spatial temporal parameters of gait. However, no changes were noted in the participant's measures on the SWOC and PBS.

Background: In the United States, 88.3% of all 1,163,000 maids and housekeeping cleaners are female, and approximately half of them Latinas. Latinas are understudied and underrepresented in health research, particularly involving chemical exposure in cleaning practices, lack of job training, and inadequate access to personal protective equipment. The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to examine the knowledge (via training experiences), attitudes and behaviors of a heterogeneous group of Latinas who clean occupationally and 2) to assess their cleaning practices at work and at home.Methods: This mixed-method study consisted of two phases: 1) three focus groups to explore knowledge (via training experiences), attitudes, and behaviors regarding cleaning practices (N = 15) and 2) a 43-question cross-sectional survey. Focus group audio recordings were analyzed using descriptive and in vivo coding and then coded inductively to explore thematic analysis. Statistical analysis of the survey evaluated means, frequency and percentage for each of the responses.Results: Participants (n = 9) were women (mean age = 48.78 and SD = 6.72) from South America (n = 5), Mexico (n = 1), El Salvador (n = 1) and Dominican Republic (n = 2). The mean length of time living in the US was 18.78 years and over half (55.6%) worked in the cleaning industry for 10 or more years.Findings from the three focus groups (n = 15) included that training in cleaning often occurred informally at a very young age at home. Participants reported cleaning in groups where tasks are rotated and/or shared. Most were the primary person cleaning at home, suggesting increased exposure. Gloves and masks were the most frequently used PPE, but use was not consistent. For participants who purchase their own products, driving factors included price, smell and efficacy. Some participants used products supplied or preferred by the employer.Conclusions: Latinas in cleaning occupations face a range of social and health barriers including lack of safety and health training, inadequate PPE and low literacy. To address these issues, the development of an intervention is warranted to provide training and resources for this critical population of essential workers.

Background and Purpose. An educational strategy is presented that combines a decisionmaking algorithm with the results from a single-subject research project to provide physical therapist students with an opportunity to practice clinical decision making in the classroom setting. Clinical reasoning activities that emphasize hypothesis generation and reflection on patient problems may help students develop their evaluation and diagnostic skills. Method/Model Description. The Hypothesis-Oriented Algorithm for Clinicians (HOAC) provides an organized framework to guide students through the clinical decision-making process, and the utilization of a single-subject research design within this algorithm provides a relevant and systematic approach to assessing change resulting from an intervention. Utilizing part 1 of the HOAC model, students generated hypotheses from examination findings of an actual patient case to develop options for treatment. In this case illustration, the hypothesis that ankle joint hypomobility is the primary impairment limiting the subject's ability to stand up was explored using a single-subject ABA research design to examine the effectiveness of ankle joint mobilizations. Following the presentation of the results from this actual singlesubject case study, students used part 2 of the HOAC model as a guide to determine whether the intervention was effective and explored the different options for continuing treatment in the case. Outcomes. This activity has been used for 2 consecutive years with students in an entry-level (professional) Master of Physical Therapy program. Students indicated that this activity was beneficial, with generally high levels of agreement with statements using a Likert scale. Discussion and Conclusion. This teaching strategy gives students the opportunity to reflect on actual intervention outcomes, integrate research evidence into the clinical decision-making process, and practice clinical decision making with a variety of patient problems in the classroom environment.