The expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is increased in prostate cancer. Recently, ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA (Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys-(Ahx)-[⁶⁸Ga(HBED-CC)]) was developed as a PSMA ligand. The aim of this study was to investigate the detection rate of ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT in patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Methods: Two hundred forty-eight of 393 patients were evaluable for a retrospective analysis. Median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 1.99 ng/mL (range, 0.2–59.4 ng/mL). All patients underwent contrast-enhanced PET/CT after injection of 155 ± 27 MBq of ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA ligand. The detection rates were correlated with PSA level and PSA kinetics. The influence of antihormonal treatment, primary Gleason score, and contribution of PET and morphologic imaging to the final diagnosis were assessed. Results: Two hundred twenty-two (89.5%) patients showed pathologic findings in ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA ligand PET/CT. The detection rates were 96.8%, 93.0%, 72.7%, and 57.9% for PSA levels of ≥2, 1 to <2, 0.5 to <1, and 0.2 to <0.5 ng/mL, respectively. Whereas detection rates increased with a higher PSA velocity (81.8%, 82.4%, 92.1%, and 100% in <1, 1 to <2, 2 to 6, 4–6, and <4 mo, respectively). ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA ligand PET (as compared with CT) exclusively provided pathologic findings in 81 (32.7%) patients. In 61 (24.6%) patients, it exclusively identified additional involved regions. In higher Gleason score (≤7 vs. ≥8), detection efficacy was significantly increased (P = 0.0190). No significant difference in detection efficacy was present regarding antiandrogen therapy (P = 0.0783). Conclusion: Hybrid ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA ligand PET/CT shows substantially higher detection rates than reported for other imaging modalities. Most importantly, it reveals a high number of positive findings in the clinically important range of low PSA values (<0.5 ng/mL), which in many cases can substantially influence the further clinical management.

Current standard imaging techniques are insufficient to reliably detect lymph node metastases in prostate cancer. Recently ligands of PSMA (prostate specific membrane antigen) were introduced in PET (positron emission tomography) of prostate cancer. Thus the aims of this retrospective analysis were to 1) investigate the diagnostic efficacy of (68)Ga-PSMA-PET imaging for lymph node staging in patients with prostate cancer scheduled for radical prostatectomy and 2) compare it to morphological imaging (computerized tomography and magnetic resonance tomography) with histopathological evaluation as the standard of reference. A total of 130 patients with intermediate to high risk prostate cancer were staged with (68)Ga-PSMA-PET/magnetic resonance tomography or PET/computerized tomography from December 2012 to November 2014 before radical prostatectomy and template pelvic lymph node dissection. Histopathological findings of resected tissue were statistically correlated with the results of (68)Ga-PSMA-PET and morphological imaging in a patient and template based manner. Lymph node metastases were found in 41 of 130 patients (31.5%). On patient based analysis the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of (68)Ga-PSMA-PET were 65.9%, 98.9% and 88.5%, and those of morphological imaging were 43.9%, 85.4% and 72.3%, respectively. Of 734 dissected lymph node templates 117 (15.9%) showed metastases. On template based analysis the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of (68)Ga-PSMA-PET were 68.3%, 99.1% and 95.2%, and those of morphological imaging were 27.3%, 97.1% and 87.6%, respectively. On ROC analysis (68)Ga-PSMA-PET performed significantly better than morphological imaging alone on patient and template based analyses (p = 0.002 and <0.001, respectively). In patients with intermediate to high risk prostate cancer preoperative lymph node staging with (68)Ga-PSMA-PET proved to be superior to standard routine imaging. Thus it has the potential to replace current standard imaging for this indication if confirmed by prospective studies.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-ligand positron emission tomography (PET)-imaging provides unprecedented accuracy for whole body staging of prostate cancer. As PSMA-ligand PET/computed tomography (CT) is increasingly adopted in clinical trials and routine practice worldwide, a unified language for image reporting is urgently needed. We propose a molecular imaging tumor, node and metastasis system (miTNM Version 1.0) as standardized reporting framework for PSMA-ligand PET/CT or PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). miTNM is designed to organize findings in comprehensible categories to promote exchange of information among physicians and institutions. Additional flowcharts integrating findings of PSMA-ligand PET and morphological imaging were designed to guide image interpretation. Specific applications, such as assessment of prognosis or impact on management, should be evaluated in future trials. miTNM is a “living” framework that evolves with clinical experience and scientific data.