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Community-based participatory research initiatives such as “hackAir”, “luftdaten.info”, “senseBox”, “CAPTOR”, “CurieuzeNeuzen Vlaanderen”, “communityAQ”, and “Healthy Air, Healthier Children” campaign among many others for mitigating short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) and improving air quality have reported progressive knowledge transfer results. These research initiatives provide the research community with the practical four-element state-of-the-art method for citizen science. For the preparation-, measurements-, data analysis-, and scientific support-elements that collectively present the novel knowledge transfer method, the Luft-Leipzig project results are presented. This research contributes to science by formulating a novel method for SLCP mitigation projects that employ citizen scientists. The Luft-Leipzig project results are presented to validate the four-element state-of-the-art method. The method is recommended for knowledge transfer purposes beyond the scope of mitigating short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) and improving air quality.
Liina Tõnisson; Jens Voigtländer; Michael Weger; Denise Assmann; Ralf Käthner; Bernd Heinold; Andreas Macke. Knowledge Transfer with Citizen Science: Luft-Leipzig Case Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7855 .
AMA StyleLiina Tõnisson, Jens Voigtländer, Michael Weger, Denise Assmann, Ralf Käthner, Bernd Heinold, Andreas Macke. Knowledge Transfer with Citizen Science: Luft-Leipzig Case Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7855.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiina Tõnisson; Jens Voigtländer; Michael Weger; Denise Assmann; Ralf Käthner; Bernd Heinold; Andreas Macke. 2021. "Knowledge Transfer with Citizen Science: Luft-Leipzig Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7855.
Record wildfires affected Australia from December 2019 to early 2020. Massive plumes of fire pollutants were lifted into the upper troposphere and even into the stratosphere by pyro-convection triggered by the intense heat of the fires. Subsequently the smoke aerosol was transported over thousands of kilometres eastwards at above 20 km altitude as Lidar observations in South America and satellite imagery show. Space and ground-based remote sensing of aerosol optical thickness indicate a temporary substantial increase in aerosol loading over large parts of the Southern Hemisphere, which offset the usual hemispheric contrast in aerosol. In addition to the massive impact on air quality at Australia’s east coast, this had important effects on the hemisphere-wide radiation budget.
We investigate the dispersal of the fire smoke aerosol and its radiative effects with the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3. Biomass burning emissions are prescribed by daily satellite-based estimates from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS). As the horizontal model resolution is too coarse to explicitly resolve convection, the injection height of Australian fire smoke is set to heights between 5 and 15 km and varied in terms of sensitivity studies. The model results for late 2019 and early 2020 are evaluated with ground and satellite remote sensing measurements, as well as contrasted with smoke results for years with low Australian wildfire emissions. The sensitivity results show how the fire injection heights affect the evolution of the smoke plume but also what role radiatively induced self-lifting plays. According to the model, the 2019/20 Australian wildfires considerably perturbed the radiation budget of the Southern Hemisphere. Due to large transport heights relative to clouds and a long lifetime of smoke particles in the stratosphere, the solar irradiance at ground averaged from January to March 2020 decreased by more than 1 W m-2 for the Southern Hemisphere, which corresponds roughly to the short-term cooling caused by a large volcanic eruption, while the elevated smoke layers experienced significant absorptive heating.
Considering the recent series of extreme wildfires globally and their probably further increasing occurance in a changing climate, these results indicate a need for larger attention to pyro-convection in global climate modelling.
Bernd Heinold; Holger Baars; Matthew Christensen; Anne Kubin; Kevin Ohneiser; Kerstin Schepanski; Roland Schrödner; Fabian Senf; Ina Tegen. Direct radiative effects of smoke aerosol during the extreme 2019/2020 Australian wildfire season. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleBernd Heinold, Holger Baars, Matthew Christensen, Anne Kubin, Kevin Ohneiser, Kerstin Schepanski, Roland Schrödner, Fabian Senf, Ina Tegen. Direct radiative effects of smoke aerosol during the extreme 2019/2020 Australian wildfire season. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernd Heinold; Holger Baars; Matthew Christensen; Anne Kubin; Kevin Ohneiser; Kerstin Schepanski; Roland Schrödner; Fabian Senf; Ina Tegen. 2021. "Direct radiative effects of smoke aerosol during the extreme 2019/2020 Australian wildfire season." , no. : 1.
Clouds play an important role in Arctic amplification. This term represents the recently observed enhanced warming of the Arctic relative to the global increase of near-surface air temperature. However, there are still important knowledge gaps regarding the interplay between Arctic clouds and aerosol particles, and surface properties, as well as turbulent and radiative fluxes that inhibit accurate model simulations of clouds in the Arctic climate system. In an attempt to resolve this so-called Arctic cloud puzzle, two comprehensive and closely coordinated field studies were conducted: the Arctic Cloud Observations Using Airborne Measurements during Polar Day (ACLOUD) aircraft campaign and the Physical Feedbacks of Arctic Boundary Layer, Sea Ice, Cloud and Aerosol (PASCAL) ice breaker expedition. Both observational studies were performed in the framework of the German Arctic Amplification: Climate Relevant Atmospheric and Surface Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms (AC)3 project. They took place in the vicinity of Svalbard, Norway, in May and June 2017. ACLOUD and PASCAL explored four pieces of the Arctic cloud puzzle: cloud properties, aerosol impact on clouds, atmospheric radiation, and turbulent dynamical processes. The two instrumented Polar 5 and Polar 6 aircraft; the icebreaker Research Vessel (R/V) Polarstern; an ice floe camp including an instrumented tethered balloon; and the permanent ground-based measurement station at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, were employed to observe Arctic low- and mid-level mixed-phase clouds and to investigate related atmospheric and surface processes. The Polar 5 aircraft served as a remote sensing observatory examining the clouds from above by downward-looking sensors; the Polar 6 aircraft operated as a flying in situ measurement laboratory sampling inside and below the clouds. Most of the collocated Polar 5/6 flights were conducted either above the R/V Polarstern or over the Ny-Ålesund station, both of which monitored the clouds from below using similar but upward-looking remote sensing techniques as the Polar 5 aircraft. Several of the flights were carried out underneath collocated satellite tracks. The paper motivates the scientific objectives of the ACLOUD/PASCAL observations and describes the measured quantities, retrieved parameters, and the applied complementary instrumentation. Furthermore, it discusses selected measurement results and poses critical research questions to be answered in future papers analyzing the data from the two field campaigns.
Manfred Wendisch; Andreas Macke; André Ehrlich; Christof Lüpkes; Mario Mech; Dmitry Chechin; Klaus Dethloff; Carola Barrientos Velasco; Heiko Bozem; Marlen Brückner; Hans-Christian Clemen; Susanne Crewell; Tobias Donth; Regis Dupuy; Kerstin Ebell; Ulrike Egerer; Ronny Engelmann; Christa Engler; Oliver Eppers; Martin Gehrmann; Xianda Gong; Matthias Gottschalk; Christophe Gourbeyre; Hannes Griesche; Jörg Hartmann; Markus Hartmann; Bernd Heinold; Andreas Herber; Hartmut Herrmann; Georg Heygster; Peter Hoor; Soheila Jafariserajehlou; Evelyn Jäkel; Emma Järvinen; Olivier Jourdan; Udo Kästner; Simonas Kecorius; Erlend Moster Knudsen; Franziska Köllner; Jan Kretzschmar; Luca Lelli; Delphine Leroy; Marion Maturilli; Linlu Mei; Stephan Mertes; Guillaume Mioche; Roland Neuber; Marcel Nicolaus; Tatiana Nomokonova; Justus Notholt; Mathias Palm; Manuela Van Pinxteren; Johannes Quaas; Philipp Richter; Elena Ruiz-Donoso; Michael Schäfer; Katja Schmieder; Martin Schnaiter; Johannes Schneider; Alfons Schwarzenböck; Patric Seifert; Matthew D. Shupe; Holger Siebert; Gunnar Spreen; Johannes Stapf; Frank Stratmann; Teresa Vogl; André Welti; Heike Wex; Alfred Wiedensohler; Marco Zanatta; Sebastian Zeppenfeld. The Arctic Cloud Puzzle: Using ACLOUD/PASCAL Multiplatform Observations to Unravel the Role of Clouds and Aerosol Particles in Arctic Amplification. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2019, 100, 841 -871.
AMA StyleManfred Wendisch, Andreas Macke, André Ehrlich, Christof Lüpkes, Mario Mech, Dmitry Chechin, Klaus Dethloff, Carola Barrientos Velasco, Heiko Bozem, Marlen Brückner, Hans-Christian Clemen, Susanne Crewell, Tobias Donth, Regis Dupuy, Kerstin Ebell, Ulrike Egerer, Ronny Engelmann, Christa Engler, Oliver Eppers, Martin Gehrmann, Xianda Gong, Matthias Gottschalk, Christophe Gourbeyre, Hannes Griesche, Jörg Hartmann, Markus Hartmann, Bernd Heinold, Andreas Herber, Hartmut Herrmann, Georg Heygster, Peter Hoor, Soheila Jafariserajehlou, Evelyn Jäkel, Emma Järvinen, Olivier Jourdan, Udo Kästner, Simonas Kecorius, Erlend Moster Knudsen, Franziska Köllner, Jan Kretzschmar, Luca Lelli, Delphine Leroy, Marion Maturilli, Linlu Mei, Stephan Mertes, Guillaume Mioche, Roland Neuber, Marcel Nicolaus, Tatiana Nomokonova, Justus Notholt, Mathias Palm, Manuela Van Pinxteren, Johannes Quaas, Philipp Richter, Elena Ruiz-Donoso, Michael Schäfer, Katja Schmieder, Martin Schnaiter, Johannes Schneider, Alfons Schwarzenböck, Patric Seifert, Matthew D. Shupe, Holger Siebert, Gunnar Spreen, Johannes Stapf, Frank Stratmann, Teresa Vogl, André Welti, Heike Wex, Alfred Wiedensohler, Marco Zanatta, Sebastian Zeppenfeld. The Arctic Cloud Puzzle: Using ACLOUD/PASCAL Multiplatform Observations to Unravel the Role of Clouds and Aerosol Particles in Arctic Amplification. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2019; 100 (5):841-871.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManfred Wendisch; Andreas Macke; André Ehrlich; Christof Lüpkes; Mario Mech; Dmitry Chechin; Klaus Dethloff; Carola Barrientos Velasco; Heiko Bozem; Marlen Brückner; Hans-Christian Clemen; Susanne Crewell; Tobias Donth; Regis Dupuy; Kerstin Ebell; Ulrike Egerer; Ronny Engelmann; Christa Engler; Oliver Eppers; Martin Gehrmann; Xianda Gong; Matthias Gottschalk; Christophe Gourbeyre; Hannes Griesche; Jörg Hartmann; Markus Hartmann; Bernd Heinold; Andreas Herber; Hartmut Herrmann; Georg Heygster; Peter Hoor; Soheila Jafariserajehlou; Evelyn Jäkel; Emma Järvinen; Olivier Jourdan; Udo Kästner; Simonas Kecorius; Erlend Moster Knudsen; Franziska Köllner; Jan Kretzschmar; Luca Lelli; Delphine Leroy; Marion Maturilli; Linlu Mei; Stephan Mertes; Guillaume Mioche; Roland Neuber; Marcel Nicolaus; Tatiana Nomokonova; Justus Notholt; Mathias Palm; Manuela Van Pinxteren; Johannes Quaas; Philipp Richter; Elena Ruiz-Donoso; Michael Schäfer; Katja Schmieder; Martin Schnaiter; Johannes Schneider; Alfons Schwarzenböck; Patric Seifert; Matthew D. Shupe; Holger Siebert; Gunnar Spreen; Johannes Stapf; Frank Stratmann; Teresa Vogl; André Welti; Heike Wex; Alfred Wiedensohler; Marco Zanatta; Sebastian Zeppenfeld. 2019. "The Arctic Cloud Puzzle: Using ACLOUD/PASCAL Multiplatform Observations to Unravel the Role of Clouds and Aerosol Particles in Arctic Amplification." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 5: 841-871.
A regional modeling study on the impact of desert dust on cloud formation is presented for a major Saharan dust outbreak over Europe from 2 to 5 April 2014. The dust event coincided with an extensive and dense cirrus cloud layer, suggesting an influence of dust on atmospheric ice nucleation. Using interactive simulation with the regional dust model COSMO-MUSCAT, we investigate cloud and precipitation representation in the model and test the sensitivity of cloud parameters to dust–cloud and dust–radiation interactions of the simulated dust plume. We evaluate model results with ground-based and spaceborne remote sensing measurements of aerosol and cloud properties, as well as the in situ measurements obtained during the ML-CIRRUS aircraft campaign. A run of the model with single-moment bulk microphysics without online dust feedback considerably underestimated cirrus cloud cover over Germany in the comparison with infrared satellite imagery. This was also reflected in simulated upper-tropospheric ice water content (IWC), which accounted for only 20 % of the observed values. The interactive dust simulation with COSMO-MUSCAT, including a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme and dust–cloud as well as dust–radiation feedback, in contrast, led to significant improvements. The modeled cirrus cloud cover and IWC were by at least a factor of 2 higher in the relevant altitudes compared to the noninteractive model run. We attributed these improvements mainly to enhanced deposition freezing in response to the high mineral dust concentrations. This was corroborated further in a significant decrease in ice particle radii towards more realistic values, compared to in situ measurements from the ML-CIRRUS aircraft campaign. By testing different empirical ice nucleation parameterizations, we further demonstrate that remaining uncertainties in the ice-nucleating properties of mineral dust affect the model performance at least as significantly as including the online representation of the mineral dust distribution. Dust–radiation interactions played a secondary role for cirrus cloud formation, but contributed to a more realistic representation of precipitation by suppressing moist convection in southern Germany. In addition, a too-low specific humidity in the 7 to 10 km altitude range in the boundary conditions was identified as one of the main reasons for misrepresentation of cirrus clouds in this model study.
Michael Weger; Bernd Heinold; Christa Engler; Ulrich Schumann; Axel Seifert; Romy Fößig; Christiane Voigt; Holger Baars; Ulrich Blahak; Stephan Borrmann; Corinna Hoose; Stefan Kaufmann; Martina Krämer; Patric Seifert; Fabian Senf; Johannes Schneider; Ina Tegen. The impact of mineral dust on cloud formation during the Saharan dust event in April 2014 over Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18, 17545 -17572.
AMA StyleMichael Weger, Bernd Heinold, Christa Engler, Ulrich Schumann, Axel Seifert, Romy Fößig, Christiane Voigt, Holger Baars, Ulrich Blahak, Stephan Borrmann, Corinna Hoose, Stefan Kaufmann, Martina Krämer, Patric Seifert, Fabian Senf, Johannes Schneider, Ina Tegen. The impact of mineral dust on cloud formation during the Saharan dust event in April 2014 over Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2018; 18 (23):17545-17572.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Weger; Bernd Heinold; Christa Engler; Ulrich Schumann; Axel Seifert; Romy Fößig; Christiane Voigt; Holger Baars; Ulrich Blahak; Stephan Borrmann; Corinna Hoose; Stefan Kaufmann; Martina Krämer; Patric Seifert; Fabian Senf; Johannes Schneider; Ina Tegen. 2018. "The impact of mineral dust on cloud formation during the Saharan dust event in April 2014 over Europe." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23: 17545-17572.
Radiative effects of absorbing black carbon and mineral dust aerosols are estimated from global aerosol climate model simulations with fixed sea surface temperatures as a boundary condition. Semi-direct effects are approximated as the residual between the total direct radiative effect and the instantaneous direct radiative effect of the simulated absorbing aerosol species. No distinction is made for aerosols from natural and anthropogenic sources. Results for global average are highly uncertain due to high model variability, but consistent with previous estimates. The global average results for black carbon aerosol semi-direct effects are small due to cancellation of regionally positive or negative effects, and may be positive or negative overall, depending on the model setup. The presence of mineral dust aerosol above dark surfaces and below a layer containing black carbon aerosol may enhance the reflectivity and act to enhance the positive radiative effect of black carbon aerosol. When mineral dust is absent the semi-direct effect at the top-of-atmosphere of black carbon aerosol from both anthropogenic and natural sources is −0.03 Wm−2, while averaging to +0.09 Wm−2 if dust is included.
Ina Tegen; Bernd Heinold. Large-Scale Modeling of Absorbing Aerosols and Their Semi-Direct Effects. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 380 .
AMA StyleIna Tegen, Bernd Heinold. Large-Scale Modeling of Absorbing Aerosols and Their Semi-Direct Effects. Atmosphere. 2018; 9 (10):380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIna Tegen; Bernd Heinold. 2018. "Large-Scale Modeling of Absorbing Aerosols and Their Semi-Direct Effects." Atmosphere 9, no. 10: 380.
Tajikistan is often affected by atmospheric mineral dust. The direct and indirect radiative effects of dust play a sensitive role in the climate system in Central Asia. The Central Asian Dust Experiment (CADEX) provides first lidar measurements in Tajikistan. The autonomous multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar PollyXT was operated for 1.5 years (2015/16) in Dushanbe. In spring, lofted layers of long-range transported dust and in summer/ autumn, lower laying dust from local or regional sources with large optical thicknesses occurred.
Julian Hofer; Dietrich Althausen; Sabur F. Abdullaev; Abduvosit Makhmudov; Bakhron I. Nazarov; Georg Schettler; K.Wadinga Fomba; Konrad Muller; Bernd Heinold; Holger Baars; Ronny Engelmann; Albert Ansmann. Mineral dust in central asia: 18-month lidar measurements in tajikistan during the central Asian dust experiment (CADEX). EPJ Web of Conferences 2018, 176, 04001 .
AMA StyleJulian Hofer, Dietrich Althausen, Sabur F. Abdullaev, Abduvosit Makhmudov, Bakhron I. Nazarov, Georg Schettler, K.Wadinga Fomba, Konrad Muller, Bernd Heinold, Holger Baars, Ronny Engelmann, Albert Ansmann. Mineral dust in central asia: 18-month lidar measurements in tajikistan during the central Asian dust experiment (CADEX). EPJ Web of Conferences. 2018; 176 ():04001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulian Hofer; Dietrich Althausen; Sabur F. Abdullaev; Abduvosit Makhmudov; Bakhron I. Nazarov; Georg Schettler; K.Wadinga Fomba; Konrad Muller; Bernd Heinold; Holger Baars; Ronny Engelmann; Albert Ansmann. 2018. "Mineral dust in central asia: 18-month lidar measurements in tajikistan during the central Asian dust experiment (CADEX)." EPJ Web of Conferences 176, no. : 04001.
Fields of dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) from numerical models and satellite observations are widely used data sets for evaluating the actual distribution of atmospheric dust aerosol. In this study we investigate the use of estimates of spatial and temporal correlation lengths (CLs) calculated from simulations using the regional model system COSMO-MUSCAT (COSMO: Consortium for Small-scale Modelling; MUSCAT: MUltiScale Chemistry Aerosol Transport Model) to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric aerosol distribution, here mineral dust, and to provide an estimate on the temporal model output interval required in order to represent the local evolution of atmospheric dustiness. The CLs indicate the scales of variability for dust and thus provide an estimate for the stationarity of dust conditions in space and time. Additionally, CLs can be an estimate for the required resolution in time and space of observational systems to observe changes in atmospheric dust conditions that would be relevant for dust forecasts. Here, two years of dust simulations using COSMO-MUSCAT are analyzed. CLs for the individual years 2007 and 2008 are compared to the entire two-year period illustrating the impact of the length of time series on statistical analysis. The two years are chosen as they are contrasting with regard to mineral dust loads and thus provide additional information on the representativeness of the statistical analysis. Results from the COSMO-MUSCAT CL analysis are compared against CL estimates from satellite observations, here dust AOD inferred from IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer), which provides bi-daily information of atmospheric dust loading over desert land and ocean. Although CLs estimated from the satellite observations are at a generally lower level of values, the results demonstrate the applicability of daily observations for assessing the atmospheric dust distribution. Main outcomes of this study illustrate the applicability of CL for characterizing the spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric dustiness. This is in particular of interest for determining time intervals at which for example dust forecasts need to be provided. Results from this study further demonstrate that bi-daily satellite dust observations are sufficient for assessing the dust distribution over regions such as the Mediterranean region that are far from the dust sources.
Kerstin Schepanski; Lars Klüser; Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen. Spatial and temporal correlation length as a measure for the stationarity of atmospheric dust aerosol distribution. Atmospheric Environment 2015, 122, 10 -21.
AMA StyleKerstin Schepanski, Lars Klüser, Bernd Heinold, Ina Tegen. Spatial and temporal correlation length as a measure for the stationarity of atmospheric dust aerosol distribution. Atmospheric Environment. 2015; 122 ():10-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKerstin Schepanski; Lars Klüser; Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen. 2015. "Spatial and temporal correlation length as a measure for the stationarity of atmospheric dust aerosol distribution." Atmospheric Environment 122, no. : 10-21.
Nocturnal low‐level jets (LLJs) are maxima in the wind profile, which often form above the stable nocturnal boundary layer. Over the Sahara, the world's largest source of mineral dust, this phenomenon is of particular importance to the emission and transport of desert aerosol. We present the first ever detailed large‐eddy simulations of dust‐generating LLJs. Using sensitivity studies with the UK Met Office large‐eddy model (LEM), two key controls of the nocturnal LLJ are investigated: surface roughness and the Coriolis force. Functional relationships derived from the LEM results help to identify optimal latitude‐roughness configurations for a maximum LLJ enhancement. Ideal conditions are found in regions between 20 and 27°N with roughness lengths > 0.0001 m providing long oscillation periods and large jet amplitudes. Typical LLJ enhancements reach up to 3.5 m s−1 for geostrophic winds of 10 m s−1. The findings are largely consistent with results from a theoretical LLJ model applied for comparison. The results demonstrate the importance of latitude and roughness in creating regional patterns of LLJ influence. Combining the functional relationships with high‐resolution roughness data over northern Africa gives good agreement with the location of morning dust uplift in satellite observations. It is shown that shear‐induced mixing plays an important role for the LLJ evolution and surface gustiness. With decreasing latitude the LLJ oscillation period is longer and, thus, shear‐induced mixing is weaker, allowing a more stable nocturnal stratification to develop. This causes a later and more abrupt LLJ breakdown in the morning with stronger gusts, which can compensate for the slower LLJ evolution that leads to a weaker jet maximum. The findings presented here can serve as first step towards a parameterisation to improve the representation of the effects of nocturnal LLJs on dust emission in coarser‐resolution models.
Bernd Heinold; Peter Knippertz; Robert J. Beare. Idealized large‐eddy simulations of nocturnal low‐level jets over subtropical desert regions and implications for dust‐generating winds. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 2014, 141, 1740 -1752.
AMA StyleBernd Heinold, Peter Knippertz, Robert J. Beare. Idealized large‐eddy simulations of nocturnal low‐level jets over subtropical desert regions and implications for dust‐generating winds. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2014; 141 (690):1740-1752.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernd Heinold; Peter Knippertz; Robert J. Beare. 2014. "Idealized large‐eddy simulations of nocturnal low‐level jets over subtropical desert regions and implications for dust‐generating winds." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 141, no. 690: 1740-1752.
[1] Convective cold pools and the breakdown of nocturnal low‐level jets (NLLJs) are key meteorological drivers of dust emission over summertime West Africa, the world's largest dust source. This study is the first to quantify their relative contributions and physical interrelations using objective detection algorithms and an off‐line dust emission model applied to convection‐permitting simulations from the Met Office Unified Model. The study period covers 25 July to 02 September 2006. All estimates may therefore vary on an interannual basis. The main conclusions are as follows: (a) approximately 40% of the dust emissions are from NLLJs, 40% from cold pools, and 20% from unidentified processes (dry convection, land‐sea and mountain circulations); (b) more than half of the cold‐pool emissions are linked to a newly identified mechanism where aged cold pools form a jet above the nocturnal stable layer; (c) 50% of the dust emissions occur from 1500 to 0200 LT with a minimum around sunrise and after midday, and 60% of the morning‐to‐noon emissions occur under clear skies, but only 10% of the afternoon‐to‐nighttime emissions, suggesting large biases in satellite retrievals; (d) considering precipitation and soil moisture effects, cold‐pool emissions are reduced by 15%; and (e) models with parameterized convection show substantially less cold‐pool emissions but have larger NLLJ contributions. The results are much more sensitive to whether convection is parameterized or explicit than to the choice of the land‐surface characterization, which generally is a large source of uncertainty. This study demonstrates the need of realistically representing moist convection and stable nighttime conditions for dust modeling.
B. Heinold; Peter Knippertz; J. H. Marsham; Stephanie Fiedler; N. S. Dixon; Kerstin Schepanski; B. Laurent; Ina Tegen. The role of deep convection and nocturnal low‐level jets for dust emission in summertime West Africa: Estimates from convection‐permitting simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2013, 118, 4385 -4400.
AMA StyleB. Heinold, Peter Knippertz, J. H. Marsham, Stephanie Fiedler, N. S. Dixon, Kerstin Schepanski, B. Laurent, Ina Tegen. The role of deep convection and nocturnal low‐level jets for dust emission in summertime West Africa: Estimates from convection‐permitting simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2013; 118 (10):4385-4400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Heinold; Peter Knippertz; J. H. Marsham; Stephanie Fiedler; N. S. Dixon; Kerstin Schepanski; B. Laurent; Ina Tegen. 2013. "The role of deep convection and nocturnal low‐level jets for dust emission in summertime West Africa: Estimates from convection‐permitting simulations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 10: 4385-4400.
The ash plume of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull covering Europe in April and May 2010 has notably attracted the interest of atmospheric researchers. Emission, transport, and deposition of the volcanic ash are simulated with the regional chemistry-transport model COSMOeMUSCAT. Key input parameters for transport models are the ash injection height, which controls the ash layer height duringud long-range transport, and the initial particle size distribution, which influences the sedimentation velocity. For each model layer, relative release rates are parameterised using stereo-derived plume heights from NASA’s space-borne Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) observations near theud source. With this model setup the ash is emitted at several levels beneath the maximum plume heightsud reported by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) London. The initial particle size distribution used in COSMOeMUSCAT is derived from airborne in-situ measurements. In addition, the impact of different injection heights on the vertical distribution of the volcanic ash plume over Europe is shown. Ash emissions at specific control levels allow to assess the relative contribution of each layer to the spatialud distribution after transport. The model results are compared to aerosol optical depths from European Sun photometer sites, lidar profiles measured over Leipzig/Germany, and ground-based microphysical measurements from several German air quality stations. In particular the good agreement between modelled vertical profiles of volcanic ash and lidar observations indicates that using the MISR stereoheightud retrievals to characterize atmospheric ash input provide an alternative to injection height models in case of lacking information on eruption dynamics
Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Ralf Wolke; Albert Ansmann; Ina Mattis; Andreas Minikin; Ulrich Schumann; Bernadett Weinzierl. Simulations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash dispersal over Europe using COSMO–MUSCAT. Atmospheric Environment 2012, 48, 195 -204.
AMA StyleBernd Heinold, Ina Tegen, Ralf Wolke, Albert Ansmann, Ina Mattis, Andreas Minikin, Ulrich Schumann, Bernadett Weinzierl. Simulations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash dispersal over Europe using COSMO–MUSCAT. Atmospheric Environment. 2012; 48 ():195-204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Ralf Wolke; Albert Ansmann; Ina Mattis; Andreas Minikin; Ulrich Schumann; Bernadett Weinzierl. 2012. "Simulations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash dispersal over Europe using COSMO–MUSCAT." Atmospheric Environment 48, no. : 195-204.
The spatio-temporal evolution of the Saharan dust and biomass-burning plume during the SAMUM-2 field campaign in January and February 2008 is simulated at 28 km horizontal resolution with the regional model-system COSMO-MUSCAT. The model performance is thoroughly tested using routine ground-based and space-borne remote sensing and local field measurements. Good agreement with the observations is found in many cases regarding transport patterns, aerosol optical thicknesses and the ratio of dust to smoke aerosol. The model also captures major features of the complex aerosol layering. Nevertheless, discrepancies in the modelled aerosol distribution occur, which are analysed in detail. The dry synoptic dynamics controlling dust uplift and transport during the dry season are well described by the model, but surface wind peaks associated with the breakdown of nocturnal low-level jets are not always reproduced. Thus, a strong dust outbreak is underestimated. While dust emission modelling is a priori more challenging, since strength and placement of dust sources depend on on-line computed winds, considerable inaccuracies also arise in observation-based estimates of biomass-burning emissions. They are caused by cloud and spatial errors of satellite fire products and uncertainties in fire emission parameters, and can lead to unrealistic model results of smoke transport.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00570.x
Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Kerstin Schepanski; Matthias Tesche; Michael Esselborn; Volker Freudenthaler; Silke Gross; Konrad Kandler; Peter Knippertz; Detlef Müller; Alexander Schladitz; Carlos Toledano; Bernadett Weinzierl; Albert Ansmann; Dietrich Althausen; Thomas Müller; Andreas Petzold; Alfred Wiedensohler. Regional modelling of Saharan dust and biomass-burning smoke Part I: Model description and evaluation. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2011, 63, 1 .
AMA StyleBernd Heinold, Ina Tegen, Kerstin Schepanski, Matthias Tesche, Michael Esselborn, Volker Freudenthaler, Silke Gross, Konrad Kandler, Peter Knippertz, Detlef Müller, Alexander Schladitz, Carlos Toledano, Bernadett Weinzierl, Albert Ansmann, Dietrich Althausen, Thomas Müller, Andreas Petzold, Alfred Wiedensohler. Regional modelling of Saharan dust and biomass-burning smoke Part I: Model description and evaluation. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 2011; 63 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Kerstin Schepanski; Matthias Tesche; Michael Esselborn; Volker Freudenthaler; Silke Gross; Konrad Kandler; Peter Knippertz; Detlef Müller; Alexander Schladitz; Carlos Toledano; Bernadett Weinzierl; Albert Ansmann; Dietrich Althausen; Thomas Müller; Andreas Petzold; Alfred Wiedensohler. 2011. "Regional modelling of Saharan dust and biomass-burning smoke Part I: Model description and evaluation." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 63, no. 4: 1.
The direct radiative forcing and dynamic atmospheric response due to Saharan dust and biomass-burning aerosol particles are presented for a case study during the SAMUM-2 field campaign in January and February 2008. The regional model system COSMO-MUSCAT is used. It allows online interaction of the computed dust and smoke load with the solar and terrestrial radiation and with the model dynamics. Model results of upward solar irradiances are evaluated against airborne radiation measurements in the Cape Verde region. The comparison shows a good agreement for the case of dust and smoke mixture. Dust and smoke particles influence the atmospheric dynamics by changing the radiative heating rates. The related pressure perturbations modify local and synoptic scale air-flow patterns. In the radiative feedback simulations, the Hadley circulation is enhanced and convergence zones occur along the Guinea coast. Thus, the smoke particles spread more than 5° further north and the equatorward transport is reduced. Within the convergence zones, Saharan dust and biomass-burning material are more effectively advected towards the Cape Verdes. Given the model uncertainties, the agreement between the modelled and observed aerosol distribution is locally improved when aerosol–radiation interaction is considered.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00574.x
Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Stefan Bauer; Manfred Wendisch. Regional modelling of Saharan dust and biomass-burning smoke Part 2: Direct radiative forcing and atmospheric dynamic response. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2011, 63, 1 .
AMA StyleBernd Heinold, Ina Tegen, Stefan Bauer, Manfred Wendisch. Regional modelling of Saharan dust and biomass-burning smoke Part 2: Direct radiative forcing and atmospheric dynamic response. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 2011; 63 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Stefan Bauer; Manfred Wendisch. 2011. "Regional modelling of Saharan dust and biomass-burning smoke Part 2: Direct radiative forcing and atmospheric dynamic response." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 63, no. 4: 1.
The second field campaign of the SAharan Mineral dUst experiMent (SAMUM-2) was performed between 15 January and 14 February 2008 at the airport of Praia, Cape Verde, and provided valuable information to study the westward transport of Saharan dust and the mixing with biomass-burning smoke and sea-salt aerosol. Here lidar, meteorological, and particle measurements at Praia, together with operational analyses, trajectories, and satellite and synoptic station data are used to give an overview of the meteorological conditions and to place other SAMUM-2 measurements into a large-scale context. It is demonstrated that wintertime dust conditions at Cape Verde are closely related to the movement and intensification of mid-latitude high-pressure systems and the associated pressure gradients at their southern flanks. These cause dust emission over Mauritania, Mali, and Niger, and subsequent westward transport to Cape Verde within about 1–5 d. Dust emissions often peak around midday, suggesting a relation to daytime mixing of momentum from nocturnal low-level jets to the surface. The dust layer over Cape Verde is usually restricted to the lowest 1.5 km of the atmosphere. During periods with near-surface wind speeds about 5.5 m s-1, a maritime aerosol layer develops which often mixes with dust from above. On most days, the middle levels up to about 5 km additionally contain smoke that can be traced back to sources in southern West Africa. Above this layer, clean air masses are transported to Cape Verde with the westerly flow at the southern side of the subtropical jet. The penetration of extra-tropical disturbances to low latitudes can bring troposphere-deep westerly flow and unusually clean conditions to the region.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00544.x
Peter Knippertz; Matthias Tesche; Bernd Heinold; Konrad Kandler; Carlos Toledano; Michael Esselborn. Dust mobilization and aerosol transport from West Africa to Cape Verde—a meteorological overview of SAMUM-2. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2011, 63, 1 .
AMA StylePeter Knippertz, Matthias Tesche, Bernd Heinold, Konrad Kandler, Carlos Toledano, Michael Esselborn. Dust mobilization and aerosol transport from West Africa to Cape Verde—a meteorological overview of SAMUM-2. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 2011; 63 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Knippertz; Matthias Tesche; Bernd Heinold; Konrad Kandler; Carlos Toledano; Michael Esselborn. 2011. "Dust mobilization and aerosol transport from West Africa to Cape Verde—a meteorological overview of SAMUM-2." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 63, no. 4: 1.
[1] The clear‐sky solar radiative forcing of Saharan dust is computed for a case study during the SAharan Mineral dUst experiMent (SAMUM) in May 2006. Size‐resolved dust concentrations simulated with a regional model and spectrally resolved surface albedo measurements were used as input for a 1‐D radiative transfer model to study the dependence of the dust radiative forcing at solar wavelengths on surface albedo and particle optical properties. Within the considered parameter range, the surface albedo can have a larger impact on the solar radiative forcing of dust at the top of atmosphere (TOA) than the variations of optical properties. At the location of Ouarzazate in Morocco, different measured surface albedo values lead to differences in instantaneous solar TOA solar forcing of up to 15 W m−2 for identical dust properties. This highlights the importance of using an accurate characterization of surface albedo values for estimating solar dust forcing over land. In the regional average over the Sahara using either the standard model values or satellite‐based surface albedos leads to differences in the order of 9 W m−2 in the instantaneous solar forcing at TOA, and 5 W m−2 for the diurnal mean TOA forcing.
Ina Tegen; Eike Bierwirth; Bernd Heinold; Jürgen Helmert; Manfred Wendisch. Effect of measured surface albedo on modeled Saharan dust solar radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115, 1 .
AMA StyleIna Tegen, Eike Bierwirth, Bernd Heinold, Jürgen Helmert, Manfred Wendisch. Effect of measured surface albedo on modeled Saharan dust solar radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2010; 115 (D24):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIna Tegen; Eike Bierwirth; Bernd Heinold; Jürgen Helmert; Manfred Wendisch. 2010. "Effect of measured surface albedo on modeled Saharan dust solar radiative forcing." Journal of Geophysical Research 115, no. D24: 1.
Aerosol properties of mineral particles in the far field of an African desert dust outbreak were investigated that brought Saharan dust over the Mediterranean in different layers to Portugal. The measurements were performed inside the project Desert Aerosols over Portugal (DARPO) which was linked to the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM). The maximum particle mass concentration was about 150 μg m-3 and the corresponding scattering coefficient was 130 M m-1 which results in a mass scattering efficiency of 0.87 m2 g-1. The aerosol optical depth reached values up to 0.53 and the lidar ratio was between 45 and 50 in the whole dust loaded column. A comparison between particle size distributions and refractive indices derived from different instruments and models showed a general good agreement but some minor differences could also be observed. Measurements as well as calculations with a particle transport model suggest that there is a relatively higher concentration of very large particles in the upper region of the dust layer than on the surface which is likely connected with meteorological conditions at the observational site (Évora, Portugal).DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00393.x
Frank Wagner; Daniele Bortoli; Sergio Pereira; Maria Joao Costa; Ana Maria Silva; Bernadett Weinzierl; Michael Esselborn; Andreas Petzold; Kathi Rasp; Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen. Properties of dust aerosol particles transported to Portugal from the Sahara desert. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2009, 61, 1 .
AMA StyleFrank Wagner, Daniele Bortoli, Sergio Pereira, Maria Joao Costa, Ana Maria Silva, Bernadett Weinzierl, Michael Esselborn, Andreas Petzold, Kathi Rasp, Bernd Heinold, Ina Tegen. Properties of dust aerosol particles transported to Portugal from the Sahara desert. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 2009; 61 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Wagner; Daniele Bortoli; Sergio Pereira; Maria Joao Costa; Ana Maria Silva; Bernadett Weinzierl; Michael Esselborn; Andreas Petzold; Kathi Rasp; Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen. 2009. "Properties of dust aerosol particles transported to Portugal from the Sahara desert." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 61, no. 1: 1.
The SAMUM field campaign in southern Morocco in May/June 2006 provides valuable data to study the emission, and the horizontal and vertical transports of mineral dust in the Northern Sahara. Radiosonde and lidar observations show differential advection of air masses with different characteristics during stable nighttime conditions and up to 5-km deep vertical mixing in the strongly convective boundary layer during the day. Lagrangian and synoptic analyses of selected dust periods point to a topographic channel from western Tunisia to central Algeria as a dust source region. Significant emission events are related to cold surges from the Mediterranean in association with eastward passing upper-level waves and lee cyclogeneses south of the Atlas Mountains. Other relevant events are local emissions under a distinct cut-off low over northwestern Africa and gust fronts associated with dry thunderstorms over the Malian and Algerian Sahara. The latter are badly represented in analyses from the European Centre for Medium–Range Weather Forecasts and in a regional dust model, most likely due to problems with moist convective dynamics and a lack of observations in this region. This aspect needs further study. The meteorological source identification is consistent with estimates of optical and mineralogical properties of dust samples.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00380.x
Peter Knippertz; Albert Ansmann; Dietrich Althausen; Detlef Müller; Matthias Tesche; Eike Bierwirth; Tilman Dinter; Thomas Müller; Wolfgang Von Hoyningen-Huene; Kerstin Schepanski; Manfred Wendisch; Bernd Heinold; Konrad Kandler; Andreas Petzold; Lothar Schütz; Ina Tegen. Dust mobilization and transport in the northern Sahara during SAMUM 2006 – a meteorological overview. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2009, 61, 1 .
AMA StylePeter Knippertz, Albert Ansmann, Dietrich Althausen, Detlef Müller, Matthias Tesche, Eike Bierwirth, Tilman Dinter, Thomas Müller, Wolfgang Von Hoyningen-Huene, Kerstin Schepanski, Manfred Wendisch, Bernd Heinold, Konrad Kandler, Andreas Petzold, Lothar Schütz, Ina Tegen. Dust mobilization and transport in the northern Sahara during SAMUM 2006 – a meteorological overview. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 2009; 61 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Knippertz; Albert Ansmann; Dietrich Althausen; Detlef Müller; Matthias Tesche; Eike Bierwirth; Tilman Dinter; Thomas Müller; Wolfgang Von Hoyningen-Huene; Kerstin Schepanski; Manfred Wendisch; Bernd Heinold; Konrad Kandler; Andreas Petzold; Lothar Schütz; Ina Tegen. 2009. "Dust mobilization and transport in the northern Sahara during SAMUM 2006 – a meteorological overview." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 61, no. 1: 1.
The regional dust model system LM-MUSCAT-DES was developed in the framework of the SAMUM project. Using the unique comprehensive data set of near-source dust properties during the 2006 SAMUM field campaign, the performance of the model system is evaluated for two time periods in May and June 2006. Dust optical thicknesses, number size distributions and the position of the maximum dust extinction in the vertical profiles agree well with the observations. However, the spatio-temporal evolution of the dust plumes is not always reproduced due to inaccuracies in the dust source placement by the model. While simulated winds and dust distributions are well matched for dust events caused by dry synoptic-scale dynamics, they are often misrepresented when dust emissions are caused by moist convection or influenced by small-scale topography that is not resolved by the model. In contrast to long-range dust transport, in the vicinity of source regions the model performance strongly depends on the correct prediction of the exact location of sources. Insufficiently resolved vertical grid spacing causes the absence of inversions in the model vertical profiles and likely explains the absence of the observed sharply defined dust layers.DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00387.x
Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Michael Esselborn; Konrad Kandler; Peter Knippertz; Detlef Müller; Alexander Schladitz; Matthias Tesche; Bernadett Weinzierl; Albert Ansmann; Dietrich Althausen; Benoit Laurent; Andreas Massling; Thomas Müller; Andreas Petzold; Kerstin Schepanski; Alfred Wiedensohler. Regional Saharan dust modelling during the SAMUM 2006 campaign. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2009, 61, 1 .
AMA StyleBernd Heinold, Ina Tegen, Michael Esselborn, Konrad Kandler, Peter Knippertz, Detlef Müller, Alexander Schladitz, Matthias Tesche, Bernadett Weinzierl, Albert Ansmann, Dietrich Althausen, Benoit Laurent, Andreas Massling, Thomas Müller, Andreas Petzold, Kerstin Schepanski, Alfred Wiedensohler. Regional Saharan dust modelling during the SAMUM 2006 campaign. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 2009; 61 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Michael Esselborn; Konrad Kandler; Peter Knippertz; Detlef Müller; Alexander Schladitz; Matthias Tesche; Bernadett Weinzierl; Albert Ansmann; Dietrich Althausen; Benoit Laurent; Andreas Massling; Thomas Müller; Andreas Petzold; Kerstin Schepanski; Alfred Wiedensohler. 2009. "Regional Saharan dust modelling during the SAMUM 2006 campaign." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 61, no. 1: 1.
Aerosol properties of mineral particles in the far field of an African desert dust outbreak were investigated that brought Saharan dust over the Mediterranean in different layers to Portugal. The measurements were performed inside the project Desert Aerosols over Portugal (DARPO) which was linked to the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM). The maximum particle mass concentration was about 150 μg m-3 and the corresponding scattering coefficient was 130 M m-1 which results in a mass scattering efficiency of 0.87 m2 g-1. The aerosol optical depth reached values up to 0.53 and the lidar ratio was between 45 and 50 in the whole dust loaded column. A comparison between particle size distributions and refractive indices derived from different instruments and models showed a general good agreement but some minor differences could also be observed. Measurements as well as calculations with a particle transport model suggest that there is a relatively higher concentration of very large particles in the upper region of the dust layer than on the surface which is likely connected with meteorological conditions at the observational site (Évora, Portugal).DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00393.x
Frank Wagner; Daniele Bortoli; Sérgio Nepomuceno Pereira; Ana Maria Silva; Bernadett Weinzierl; Michael Esselborn; Andreas Petzold; Kathi Rasp; Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Maria João Costa. Properties of dust aerosol particles transported to Portugal from the Sahara desert. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2009, 61, 297 -306.
AMA StyleFrank Wagner, Daniele Bortoli, Sérgio Nepomuceno Pereira, Ana Maria Silva, Bernadett Weinzierl, Michael Esselborn, Andreas Petzold, Kathi Rasp, Bernd Heinold, Ina Tegen, Maria João Costa. Properties of dust aerosol particles transported to Portugal from the Sahara desert. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 2009; 61 (1):297-306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Wagner; Daniele Bortoli; Sérgio Nepomuceno Pereira; Ana Maria Silva; Bernadett Weinzierl; Michael Esselborn; Andreas Petzold; Kathi Rasp; Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Maria João Costa. 2009. "Properties of dust aerosol particles transported to Portugal from the Sahara desert." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 61, no. 1: 297-306.
The regional dust model system LM-MUSCAT-DES was developed in the framework of the SAMUM project. Using the unique comprehensive data set of near-source dust properties during the 2006SAMUMfield campaign, the performance of the model system is evaluated for two time periods in May and June 2006. Dust optical thicknesses, number size distributions and the position of the maximum dust extinction in the vertical profiles agree well with the observations. However, the spatio-temporal evolution of the dust plumes is not always reproduced due to inaccuracies in the dust source placement by the model. While simulated winds and dust distributions are well matched for dust events caused by dry synoptic-scale dynamics, they are often misrepresented when dust emissions are caused by moist convection or influenced by small-scale topography that is not resolved by the model. In contrast to long-range dust transport, in the vicinity of source regions the model performance strongly depends on the correct prediction of the exact location of sources. Insufficiently resolved vertical grid spacing causes the absence of inversions in the model vertical profiles and likely explains the absence of the observed sharply defined dust layers.
Bernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Michael Esselborn; Konrad Kandler; Peter Knippertz; Detlef Müller; Alexander Schladitz; Matthias Tesche; Bernadett Weinzierl; Albert Ansmann; Dietrich Althausen; Benoit Laurent; Andreas Massling; Thomas Müller; Andreas Petzold; Kerstin Schepanski; Alfred Wiedensohler; Detlef Mueller. Regional Saharan dust modelling during the SAMUM 2006 campaign. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2009, 61, 307 -324.
AMA StyleBernd Heinold, Ina Tegen, Michael Esselborn, Konrad Kandler, Peter Knippertz, Detlef Müller, Alexander Schladitz, Matthias Tesche, Bernadett Weinzierl, Albert Ansmann, Dietrich Althausen, Benoit Laurent, Andreas Massling, Thomas Müller, Andreas Petzold, Kerstin Schepanski, Alfred Wiedensohler, Detlef Mueller. Regional Saharan dust modelling during the SAMUM 2006 campaign. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 2009; 61 (1):307-324.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernd Heinold; Ina Tegen; Michael Esselborn; Konrad Kandler; Peter Knippertz; Detlef Müller; Alexander Schladitz; Matthias Tesche; Bernadett Weinzierl; Albert Ansmann; Dietrich Althausen; Benoit Laurent; Andreas Massling; Thomas Müller; Andreas Petzold; Kerstin Schepanski; Alfred Wiedensohler; Detlef Mueller. 2009. "Regional Saharan dust modelling during the SAMUM 2006 campaign." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 61, no. 1: 307-324.
[1] Mineral dust radiative effects and feedbacks upon Saharan boundary layer meteorology are estimated by means of regional dust simulations for a one‐week period in May 2006. The regional dust model system LM‐MUSCAT is used, which allows online interaction of the computed dust load with the solar and thermal radiation and consequently with the model dynamics. For the Bodélé depression, a mechanism is proposed that describes positive and negative dust radiative feedbacks on surface wind speeds and dust emission in dependence on atmospheric stratification, dust‐induced stabilization, and baroclinity. These effects are attributed to the formation and breakdown of the low‐level jet (LLJ), which is a common phenomenon in the Bodélé. However, such processes are likely also relevant for other Saharan regions.
B. Heinold; Ina Tegen; Kerstin Schepanski; O. Hellmuth. Dust radiative feedback on Saharan boundary layer dynamics and dust mobilization. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35, 1 .
AMA StyleB. Heinold, Ina Tegen, Kerstin Schepanski, O. Hellmuth. Dust radiative feedback on Saharan boundary layer dynamics and dust mobilization. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008; 35 (20):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Heinold; Ina Tegen; Kerstin Schepanski; O. Hellmuth. 2008. "Dust radiative feedback on Saharan boundary layer dynamics and dust mobilization." Geophysical Research Letters 35, no. 20: 1.