Morphological studies of the braincase and cranial endocast of fossil crocodylians, especially gavialids, are scarce. Here, we present a detailed description of the neuroanatomy of Gryposuchus neogaeus from the Miocene of Argentina, based on CT scans. The cranial endocast is sub-horizontal and the angle formed between the mid-brain and the hind-brain is poorly marked. When compared with Gavialis gangeticus, the mid-brain of G. neogaeus is relatively shorter, although the distribution of cranial nerves is similar. In the floor of the endocranial cavity, posterior to the dorsum sellae, there is a median foramen that leads into a canal that runs anteroventrally through the basisphenoid to penetrate the posterior wall of the pituitary fossa (open foramen for the basilar artery?). The same structure is present in G. gangeticus, but is absent in other living crocodylians, suggesting a potential synapomorphy of Gavialoidea. The pneumaticity of the skull roof and the lateral branches of the pharyngotympanic system in G. neogaeus are markedly reduced when compared with the extant species. Comparisons with the living Gavialis indicate that the pattern of braincase morphology of Gavialidae was present in the Miocene; however, the internal morphology, including brain shape, pneumaticity of the skull roof and basicranium, is different in the two species. This work is the first step to understand the variation of the neuroanatomy in this group of archosaurs and its palaeobiological implication.

Caimanines are crocodylians currently restricted to South and Central America and the oldest members are from lower Palaeocene localities of the Salamanca Formation (Chubut Province, Argentina). We report here a new caimanine from this same unit represented by a skull roof and partial braincase. Its phylogenetic relationships were explored in a cladistic analysis using standard characters and a morphogeometric two-dimensional configuration of the skull roof. The phylogenetic results were used for an event-based supermodel quantitative palaeobiogeographic analysis. The new species is recovered as the most basal member of the South American caimanines, and the Cretaceous North American lineage ‘ Brachychampsa and related forms' as the most basal Caimaninae. The biogeographic results estimated north-central North America as the ancestral area of Caimaninae, showing that the Cretaceous and Palaeocene species of the group were more widespread than thought and became regionally extinct in North America around the Cretaceous–Palaeocene boundary. A dispersal event from north-central North America during the middle Late Cretaceous explains the arrival of the group to South America. The Palaeogene assemblage of Patagonian crocodylians is composed of three lineages of caimanines as a consequence of independent dispersal events that occurred between North and South America and within South America around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary.

Bona, P. & Paulina Carabajal, A., 2013. Caiman gasparinae sp. nov., a huge alligatorid (Caimaninae) from the late Miocene of Paraná, Argentina. Alcheringa 37, 1–12. ISSN 0311-5518 Morphological studies of South American alligatorids are scarce, and the phylogenetic relationships within Caimaninae are poorly understood. In this context, systematic revision and detailed morphological description of the enigmatic Argentinean Miocene caimanines are highly relevant. The current record is characterized by numerous species within the genus Caiman, although morphological disparity remains unclear. Here, we describe Caiman gasparinae sp. nov., which is one of the largest known Caiman species from the late Miocene of Argentina. Similar to other Caiman species and Melanosuchus, the new taxon has orbits larger than the infratemporal fenestrae and small supratemporal fenestrae that are not lost, as in Paleosuchus. Together with the absence of conspicuous rostral crests, the shape of the snout distinguishes C. gasparinae from Melanosuchus. Caiman gasparinae can be further distinguished using other cranial characters, such as a broad and low rostrum with a narial opening oriented dorsally, a relatively long interpremaxillary suture, and the occipital surface of the braincase with a poorly developed crista tuberalis exposing the carotid foramina in lateral view. Paula Bona [paulabona26@gmail.com] CONICET—División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; Ariana Paulina Carabajal [a.paulinacarabajal@conicet.gov.ar] CONICET—Museo Carmen Funes. Av. Córdoba 55 (8318), Plaza Huincul, Neuquén, Argentina. Received 21.8.2012; revised 29.1.2013; accepted 9.3.2013.

Notosuchian crocodyliforms represent an intriguing group since they are mainly terrestrial forms and therefore with completely different lifestyles than extant crocodylian, which is reflected in their particular skeletal anatomy. Although there are some inferences in the literature related to the palaeoecology of notosuchian, little is known about their biology (e.g. metabolism, growth dynamics). The palaeohistology allows us to perform interpretations about the growth dynamics and strategies of growth in these extinct forms. Here, we worked on specimens of Araripesuchus Price, 1959 (Notosuchia, Uruguaysuchidae), coming from La Buitrera Palaeontological Area, Río Negro Province (northern Patagonia, Argentina). We described for the first time the osteohistology of this taxon, based on thin sections of the stylopodium shaft (femur and humerus) of four specimens, providing an assumption of its growth dynamics. A general slow growth rate is inferred for Araripesuchus, based on the poorly vascularized parallel‐fibred/lamellar bone matrix. An unusual pattern of bone deposition was observed in two specimens; we consider this tissue as evidence of a rapid growth event at some point in the ontogeny of these individuals. Finally, it can be interpreted that in Araripesuchus, sexual maturity could be reached at least between eight to thirteen years old. This study is a first step to provide insight into the life history of these terrestrial notosuchids and to provide new empirical evidence for the osteohistological variability and palaeoecology of this peculiar group of extinct crocodyliforms.

Peirosaurids are a group of Cretaceous continental crocodyliforms from Gondwana. Two species are known from the Neuquén Group in Argentina: Lomasuchus palpebrosus (Portezuelo Formation, late Turonian—early Coniacian) and Gasparinisuchus peirosauroides (Bajo de la Carpa and Anacleto formations, Santonian and early Campanian, respectively). Here, we describe the first peirosaurid from the Cerro Lisandro Formation, Bayomesasuchus hernandezi gen. et sp. nov. The material corresponds to a fragmentary skull and mandible. Although fragmentary, this is the most complete crocodyliform specimen recorded for the Cerro Lisandro Formation. In a phylogenetic analysis Bayomesasuchus is depicted in a polytomy together with South American peirosaurids and the African form Hamadasuchus rebouli. Resumen. Los peirosáuridos constituyen un grupo de crocodiliformes continentales del Cretácico de Gondwana. Para el Grupo Neuquén, Argentina, se conocen dos especies: Lomasuchus palpebrosus (Formación Portezuelo, Turoniano tardío—Coniaciano temprano) y Gasparinisuchus peirosauroides (Formaciones Bajo de la Carpa y Anacleto, Santoniano y Campaniano temprano, respectivamente). Aquí, describimos el primer peirosáurido identificado para la Formación Cerro Lisandro, Bayomesasuchus hernandezi gen. et sp. nov. El material corresponde a cráneo y mandíbula fragmentarios. Aunque fragmentario, este es el espécimen de crocodiliforme más completo registrado para la Formación Cerro Lisandro. En un análisis filogenético, Bayomesasuchus es agrupado en una politomía junto con los peirosáuridos sudamericanos y la forma africana Hamadasuchus rebouli.