In the era of precision medicine, transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) has emerged as a significant technological advancement supporting the diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases and thoracic malignancies. The advent of targeted therapies, along with the increasing need to identify new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, has made it essential to adopt innovative surgical techniques capable of obtaining large, well-preserved tissue samples. This approach not only enables accurate histopathological assessment but also allows for comprehensive molecular analyses, while meeting the requirement for minimal invasiveness in particularly fragile patients or those with severe comorbidities. Tissue samples obtained via TBCB are immediately frozen, offering a precise snapshot of the disease at the time of collection. The sample size is generally sufficient for further molecular testing, thereby reducing the need for repeat biopsies and enabling prompt and accurate diagnosis-an essential element in the treatment pathway for patients with complex pulmonary conditions, both oncologic and interstitial. Although surgical lung biopsy remains the gold standard in terms of diagnostic accuracy, TBCB has demonstrated superiority over conventional forceps biopsy techniques, both in terms of sample quality and safety profile, with a significantly lower risk of serious complications. This review aims to critically evaluate the available evidence supporting TBCB compared to traditional techniques, with a particular focus on its role in the molecular characterization of thoracic tumors and interstitial lung diseases. Furthermore, we explore its integration into a forward-looking framework where TBCB contributes to radiomics and artificial intelligence training, fostering the development of predictive tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response.

Background/Objectives: Vaccination represents a significant achievement of public health and should be regarded not only as a protective measure against infectious diseases but also an active preventive intervention and a component of health promotion. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed vaccination coverage among adults aged ≥60 years who attended a Primary Health Care Center during a predefined period of at least two months (November–December 2025) in a rural area of Crete, Greece, and examined determinants of immunization, including demographic, clinical, psychosocial, and health service utilization factors. The sample comprised 366 participants who consented to complete a structured questionnaire, primarily via interview, followed by verification of vaccination status through medical records. Results: High vaccination coverage was observed for influenza (82.5%), moderate coverage for pneumococcal (68.3%) and herpes zoster (56.0%) vaccines, and very low coverage for tetanus–diphtheria–pertussis booster doses (≈13%) and RSV vaccination (5.2%). For SARS-CoV-2, 96.2% received the three doses which were mandatory during the pandemic years. The overall Vaccination Coverage Score (VCS) averaged 43.1/100, while only 10.1% of participants achieved high coverage. Regression analysis showed that higher educational level, multimorbidity, and extensive use of health services were independently associated with better vaccination coverage (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings reveal fragmented vaccination patterns and underscore the need for systematic assessment of adult vaccination status within routine Primary Health Care. Targeted counseling, promotion of health literacy, and preventive vaccination strategies are expected to reduce vaccine-preventable morbidity and support healthy aging.