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It is highly desired yet very challenging to overcome the flammability and brittleness of epoxy resin without compromising its glass transition temperature (Tg). Herein, an epoxy-terminated hyperbranched flame retardant (EHBFR) was designed and synthesized from 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and renewable protocatechualdehyde as well as guaiacol. When the synthesized EHBFR was taken to modify diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), it is found that the incorporation of EHBFR remarkably improved its fire safety, endowing it with a UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 33.0 vol%. Meanwhile, the notched impact strength of modified DGEBA at 25 and -196 °C (quenched by liquid nitrogen) exhibited significant increment by 135% (from 3.39 to 7.97 KJ/m2) and 114% (from 2.34 to 5.01 KJ/m2), respectively. Moreover, the Tg of modified epoxy resin did not show any decrease, and even increased from 172 to 194 °C when the content of EHBFR was 10 wt%, due to the synergistic effect of rigid DOPO-containing groups and high crosslink density. This work offers an efficient strategy for constructing high-performance epoxy thermosets with excellent flame retardancy, superior toughness and strength, as well as elevated Tg.
Na Teng; Jinyue Dai; Shuaipeng Wang; Xiaoling Liu; Jingyuan Hu; Xiaosu Yi. Hyperbranched flame retardant to simultaneously improve the fire-safety, toughness and glass transition temperature of epoxy resin. European Polymer Journal 2021, 157, 110638 .
AMA StyleNa Teng, Jinyue Dai, Shuaipeng Wang, Xiaoling Liu, Jingyuan Hu, Xiaosu Yi. Hyperbranched flame retardant to simultaneously improve the fire-safety, toughness and glass transition temperature of epoxy resin. European Polymer Journal. 2021; 157 ():110638.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNa Teng; Jinyue Dai; Shuaipeng Wang; Xiaoling Liu; Jingyuan Hu; Xiaosu Yi. 2021. "Hyperbranched flame retardant to simultaneously improve the fire-safety, toughness and glass transition temperature of epoxy resin." European Polymer Journal 157, no. : 110638.
Soda-Lime Glass (SLG) has been widely used in the creation of highly-functionalised optical devices. However, machining of SLG easily resulted in various defects. Among these defects, edge chipping (EC) can be treated as the most damageable in terms of both mechanical properties and optical performances. Although efforts have been paid to this topic, previous investigations (i) focused on edge chipping in low strain rate, which was 101-102 times lower than the ones in real machining, (ii) assumed edge chipping shape as circular, while the experiments in this work proved this assumption might be inaccurate in high strain rate circumstances, and (iii) were experimental efforts, resulting in limited knowledge of process principles. To fill this gap, this paper aims to propose an analytical model to calculate the size and the shape of edge chipping in scratch of soda-lime glass with the special consideration of strain-rate hardening effect. A series of experimental trials were performed to validate the model accuracy under different parameters. The details in scratching process were discussed by force analysis. A typical model application was given as well, which was designing the machining strategy based on the proposed model so that a required region with limited edge chipping can be obtained. Considering the research gaps mentioned above, the key findings in this paper are expected to be meaningful and helpful to provide references in the real fabrication of high-valued optical devices made of SLG.
Haoyu Shi; Gongyu Liu; Guilin Yang; Qingzhen Bi; Yongjie Zhao; Bo Wang; Xu Sun; Xiaoling Liu; Huan Qi; Wenhao Xu; ChungKet Thein; Hao Nan Li. Analytical modelling of edge chipping in scratch of soda-lime glass considering strain-rate hardening effect. Ceramics International 2021, 47, 26552 -26566.
AMA StyleHaoyu Shi, Gongyu Liu, Guilin Yang, Qingzhen Bi, Yongjie Zhao, Bo Wang, Xu Sun, Xiaoling Liu, Huan Qi, Wenhao Xu, ChungKet Thein, Hao Nan Li. Analytical modelling of edge chipping in scratch of soda-lime glass considering strain-rate hardening effect. Ceramics International. 2021; 47 (18):26552-26566.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaoyu Shi; Gongyu Liu; Guilin Yang; Qingzhen Bi; Yongjie Zhao; Bo Wang; Xu Sun; Xiaoling Liu; Huan Qi; Wenhao Xu; ChungKet Thein; Hao Nan Li. 2021. "Analytical modelling of edge chipping in scratch of soda-lime glass considering strain-rate hardening effect." Ceramics International 47, no. 18: 26552-26566.
In this work, the effect of a silane coupling agent on the mechanical behavior of recycled carbon fiber reinforced bio-based epoxy composites was studied. For this purpose, the surface of the recycled carbon fiber was treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) agent at the concentrations in the 0–8 wt.% range. Dynamic mechanical analysis and characterization of the tensile and flexural properties were performed to observe the mechanical behavior of the specimens, and the morphology of the fracture surface after mechanical testing was also studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the glass transition temperature and the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites increased with an addition of a suitable amount of the silane agent (< 4 wt.%), which was attributed to the cross-linking and curing reaction between the amino groups of APS and the epoxy matrix that improved the interfacial bonding. Thus, an appropriate concentration of the silane coupling agent can improve the mechanical properties of recycled carbon fiber reinforced bio-based epoxy composites.
Chenkai Zhu; Saihua Li; Xiaoye Cong; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on the Properties of Recycled Carbon Fibers Reinforced Bio-based Epoxy Composites. Fibers and Polymers 2021, 22, 1976 -1985.
AMA StyleChenkai Zhu, Saihua Li, Xiaoye Cong, Chris Rudd, Xiaoling Liu. Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on the Properties of Recycled Carbon Fibers Reinforced Bio-based Epoxy Composites. Fibers and Polymers. 2021; 22 (7):1976-1985.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChenkai Zhu; Saihua Li; Xiaoye Cong; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. 2021. "Effect of Silane Coupling Agent on the Properties of Recycled Carbon Fibers Reinforced Bio-based Epoxy Composites." Fibers and Polymers 22, no. 7: 1976-1985.
Management of waste from carbon fibre composites has become a significant societal issue as the application of composite grows across many industries. In this study, carbon fibres (CF) were successfully recovered from cured carbon fibre/epoxy (CF/EP) prepreg under microwave pyrolysis at 450, 550 and 650 °C followed by oxidation of any residual char. The recovered fibres were investigated for their tensile properties, surface morphologies and the elements/functional groups presented on the surface. The chemical compositions of gaseous and oil pyrolysis products were also analysed. The microwave pyrolysis effectively pyrolyzed the epoxy (EP) resin. Char residue remained on the fibre surface and the amount of char reduced as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Compared to virgin fibres, the recovered fibre suffered from a strength reduction by less than 20%, and this reduction could be mitigated by reducing the pyrolysis temperature. The surface of recovered fibre remained clean and smooth, while the profile of elements and functional groups at the surface were similar to those of virgin fibres. The main gaseous products were CO, H2, CO2 and CH4, whilst the liquid product stream included phenolic and aromatic compounds.
Siqi Hao; Lizhe He; Jiaqi Liu; Yuhao Liu; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. Recovery of Carbon Fibre from Waste Prepreg via Microwave Pyrolysis. Polymers 2021, 13, 1231 .
AMA StyleSiqi Hao, Lizhe He, Jiaqi Liu, Yuhao Liu, Chris Rudd, Xiaoling Liu. Recovery of Carbon Fibre from Waste Prepreg via Microwave Pyrolysis. Polymers. 2021; 13 (8):1231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiqi Hao; Lizhe He; Jiaqi Liu; Yuhao Liu; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. 2021. "Recovery of Carbon Fibre from Waste Prepreg via Microwave Pyrolysis." Polymers 13, no. 8: 1231.
Despite a lot of intensive research on cells‐scaffolds interaction, focused are mainly on the capacity of construct scaffolds to regulate cell mobility, migration and cytotoxicity. The effect of the scaffold's topographical and material properties on the expression of biologically active compounds from stem cells is not well understood. In this study, the influence of cellulose acetate (CA) on the electrospinnability of gelatin and the roles of gelatin‐cellulose acetate (Ge‐CA) on modulating the release of biologically active compounds from amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) is emphasized. It was found that the presence of a small amount of CA could provide a better microenvironment that mimics AFSCs' niche. However, a large amount of CA exhibited no significant effect on AFSCs migration and infiltration. Further study on the effect of surface topography and mechanical properties on AFSCs showed that the tailored microenvironment provided by the Ge‐CA scaffolds had transduced physical cues to biomolecules released into the culture media. It was found that the AFSCs seeded on electrospun scaffolds with less CA proportions has profound effects on the secretion of metabolic compounds compared to those with higher CA contained and gelatin coating. The enhanced secretion of biologically active molecules by the AFSCs on the electrospun scaffolds was proven by the accelerated wound closure on the injured human dermal fibroblast (HDF) model. The rapid HDF cell migration could be anticipated due to a higher level of paracrine factors in AFSCs media. Our study demonstrates that the fibrous topography and mechanical properties of the scaffold is a key material property that modulates the high expression of biologically active compounds from the AFSCs. The discovery elucidates a new aspect of material functions and scaffolds material‐AFSCs interaction for regulating biomolecules release to promote tissue regeneration/repair. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the scaffolds material‐AFSCs interaction and the efficacy of scratch assays on quantifying the cell migration in response to the AFSCs metabolic products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Tamrin Nuge; Xiaoling Liu; Kim Yeow Tshai; Siew Shee Lim; Norshariza Nordin; Enamul Hoque; Ziqian Liu. Accelerated wound closure: Systematic evaluation of cellulose acetate effects on biologically active molecules release from amniotic fluid stem cells. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleTamrin Nuge, Xiaoling Liu, Kim Yeow Tshai, Siew Shee Lim, Norshariza Nordin, Enamul Hoque, Ziqian Liu. Accelerated wound closure: Systematic evaluation of cellulose acetate effects on biologically active molecules release from amniotic fluid stem cells. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamrin Nuge; Xiaoling Liu; Kim Yeow Tshai; Siew Shee Lim; Norshariza Nordin; Enamul Hoque; Ziqian Liu. 2021. "Accelerated wound closure: Systematic evaluation of cellulose acetate effects on biologically active molecules release from amniotic fluid stem cells." Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry , no. : 1.
Background The success of biomedical implants in orthopedic and dental applications are usually limited due to insufficient bone‐implant integration, and implant‐related infections. Biointerfaces are critical in regulating their interactions and the desirable performance of biomaterials in biological environment. Surface engineering has been widely studied to realize better control of the interface interaction to further enhance the desired behavior of biomaterials. Purpose and scope This review aims to investigate surface coating strategies in hard tissue applications to address insufficient osteointegration and implant‐related infection problems. Summary We first focused on surface coatings to enhance the osteointegration and biocompatibility of implants by emphasizing calcium phosphate‐related, nanoscale TiO2‐related, bioactive tantalum‐based and biomolecules incorporated coatings. Different coating strategies such as plasma spraying, biomimetic deposition, electrochemical anodization and LENS™ are discussed. We then discussed techniques to construct anti‐adhesive and bactericidal surface while emphasizing multifunctional surface coating techniques that combine potential osteointegration and antibacterial activities. The effects of nanotopography via TiO2 coatings on antibacterial performance are interesting and included. A smart bacteria‐responsive titanium dioxide nanotubes coating is also attractive and elaborated. Conclusion Developing multifunctional surface coatings combining osteogenesis and antimicrobial activity is the current trend. Surface engineering methods are usually combined to obtain hierarchical multiscale surface structures with better biofunctionalization outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Ziqian Liu; Xiaoling Liu; Seeram Ramakrishna. Surface engineering of biomaterials in orthopedic and dental implants: Strategies to improve osteointegration, bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Biotechnology Journal 2021, 16, 2000116 .
AMA StyleZiqian Liu, Xiaoling Liu, Seeram Ramakrishna. Surface engineering of biomaterials in orthopedic and dental implants: Strategies to improve osteointegration, bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Biotechnology Journal. 2021; 16 (7):2000116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZiqian Liu; Xiaoling Liu; Seeram Ramakrishna. 2021. "Surface engineering of biomaterials in orthopedic and dental implants: Strategies to improve osteointegration, bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities." Biotechnology Journal 16, no. 7: 2000116.
Hybrid composites composed of bio-based thin-ply carbon fibre prepreg and flame-retardant mats (E20MI) have been produced to investigate the effects of laminate design on their fire protection performance and mechanical properties. These flame-retardant mats rely primarily on expandable graphite, mineral wool and glass fibre to generate a thermal barrier that releases incombustible gasses and protects the underlying material. A flame retardant (FR) mat is incorporated into the carbon fibre bio-based polymeric laminate and the relationship between the fire protection properties and mechanical properties is investigated. Hybrid composite laminates containing FR mats either at the exterior surfaces or embedded 2-plies deep have been tested by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test and cone calorimetry. The addition of the surface or embedded E20MI flame retardant mats resulted in an improvement from a base line of 33.1% to 47.5% and 45.8%, respectively. All laminates passed the vertical burning test standard of FAR 25.853. Cone calorimeter data revealed an increase in the time to ignition (TTI) for the hybrid composites containing the FR mat, while the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (TTR) were greatly reduced. Furthermore, the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) values indicated that both composites with flame retardant mats had achieved the requirements of EN 45545-2. However, the tensile strengths of laminates with surface or embedded flame-retardant mats were reduced from 1215.94 MPa to 885.92 MPa and 975.48 MPa, respectively. Similarly, the bending strength was reduced from 836.41 MPa to 767.03 MPa and 811.36 MPa, respectively.
Xiaoye Cong; Pooria Khalili; Chenkai Zhu; Saihua Li; Jingjing Li; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. Investigation of Fire Protection Performance and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Ply Bio-Epoxy Composites. Polymers 2021, 13, 731 .
AMA StyleXiaoye Cong, Pooria Khalili, Chenkai Zhu, Saihua Li, Jingjing Li, Chris Rudd, Xiaoling Liu. Investigation of Fire Protection Performance and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Ply Bio-Epoxy Composites. Polymers. 2021; 13 (5):731.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaoye Cong; Pooria Khalili; Chenkai Zhu; Saihua Li; Jingjing Li; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. 2021. "Investigation of Fire Protection Performance and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Ply Bio-Epoxy Composites." Polymers 13, no. 5: 731.
Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) is associated with muscle loss function and often untreated and considered part of the natural sequelae of trauma. Various types of biomaterials with different physical and properties have been developed to treat VML. However, much work remains yet to be done before the scaffolds can pass from the bench to the bedside. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in the construction and application of natural polymers-based tissue scaffolding for volumetric muscle injury. Here, the tissue engineering approaches for treating volumetric muscle loss injury are highlighted and recent advances in cell-based therapies using various sources of stem cells are elaborated in detail. An overview of different strategies of tissue scaffolding and their efficacy on skeletal muscle cells regeneration and migration are presented. Furthermore, the present paper discusses a wide range of natural polymers with a special focus on proteins and polysaccharides that are major components of the extracellular matrices. The natural polymers are biologically active and excellently promote cell adhesion and growth. These bio-characteristics justify natural polymers as one of the most attractive options for developing scaffolds for muscle cell regeneration.
Tamrin Nuge; Ziqian Liu; Xiaoling Liu; Bee Ang; Andri Andriyana; Hendrik Metselaar; Enamul Hoque. Recent Advances in Scaffolding from Natural-Based Polymers for Volumetric Muscle Injury. Molecules 2021, 26, 699 .
AMA StyleTamrin Nuge, Ziqian Liu, Xiaoling Liu, Bee Ang, Andri Andriyana, Hendrik Metselaar, Enamul Hoque. Recent Advances in Scaffolding from Natural-Based Polymers for Volumetric Muscle Injury. Molecules. 2021; 26 (3):699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamrin Nuge; Ziqian Liu; Xiaoling Liu; Bee Ang; Andri Andriyana; Hendrik Metselaar; Enamul Hoque. 2021. "Recent Advances in Scaffolding from Natural-Based Polymers for Volumetric Muscle Injury." Molecules 26, no. 3: 699.
Composites of biodegradable phosphate glass fiber and polylactic acid (PGF/PLA) show potential for bone tissue engineering scaffolds, due to their ability to release Ca, P, and Mg during degradation, thus promoting the bone repair. Nevertheless, glass degradation tends to acidify the surrounding aqueous environment, which may adversely affect the viability and bone-forming activities of osteoblasts. In this work, MgO was investigated as a neutralizing agent. Porous network-phase gyroid scaffolds were additive-manufactured using four different materials: PLA, MgO/PLA, PGF/PLA, and (MgO + PGF)/PLA. The addition of PGF enhanced compressive properties of scaffolds, and the resultant scaffolds were comparably strong and stiff with human trabecular bone. While the degradation of PGF/PLA composite induced considerable acidity in degradation media and intensified the degradation of PGF in return, the degradation media of (MgO + PGF)/PLA maintained a neutral pH close to a physiological environment. The experiment results indicated the possible mechanism of MgO as the neutralizing agent: the local acidity was buffered as the MgO reacted with the acidic degradation products thereby inhibiting the degradation of PGF from being intensified in an acidic environment. The (MgO + PGF)/PLA composite scaffold appears to be a candidate for bone tissue engineering.
Lizhe He; Xiaoling Liu; Chris Rudd. Additive-Manufactured Gyroid Scaffolds of Magnesium Oxide, Phosphate Glass Fiber and Polylactic Acid Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers 2021, 13, 270 .
AMA StyleLizhe He, Xiaoling Liu, Chris Rudd. Additive-Manufactured Gyroid Scaffolds of Magnesium Oxide, Phosphate Glass Fiber and Polylactic Acid Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers. 2021; 13 (2):270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLizhe He; Xiaoling Liu; Chris Rudd. 2021. "Additive-Manufactured Gyroid Scaffolds of Magnesium Oxide, Phosphate Glass Fiber and Polylactic Acid Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering." Polymers 13, no. 2: 270.
In this concept-proof study, a preform-based RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) process is presented that is characterized by first pre-loading the solid curing agent onto the preform, and then injecting the liquid nonreactive resin with an intrinsically low viscosity into the mold to infiltrate and wet the pre-loaded preform. The separation of resin and hardener helped to process inherently high viscosity resins in a convenient way. Rosin-sourced, anhydrite-cured epoxies that would normally be regarded as unsuited to liquid composite molding, were thus processed. Rheological tests revealed that by separating the anhydrite curing agent from a formulated RTM resin system, the remaining epoxy liquid had its flowtime extended. C-scan and glass transition temperature tests showed that the preform pre-loaded with anhydrite was fully infiltrated and wetted by the liquid epoxy, and the two components were diffused and dissolved with each other, and finally, well reacted and cured. Composite laminates made via this approach exhibited roughly comparable quality and mechanical properties with prepreg controls via autoclave or compression molding, respectively. These findings were verified for both carbon and ramie fiber composites.
Sicong Yu; Xufeng Zhang; Xiaoling Liu; Chris Rudd; Xiaosu Yi. A Conceptional Approach of Resin-Transfer-Molding to Rosin-Sourced Epoxy Matrix Green Composites. Aerospace 2020, 8, 5 .
AMA StyleSicong Yu, Xufeng Zhang, Xiaoling Liu, Chris Rudd, Xiaosu Yi. A Conceptional Approach of Resin-Transfer-Molding to Rosin-Sourced Epoxy Matrix Green Composites. Aerospace. 2020; 8 (1):5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSicong Yu; Xufeng Zhang; Xiaoling Liu; Chris Rudd; Xiaosu Yi. 2020. "A Conceptional Approach of Resin-Transfer-Molding to Rosin-Sourced Epoxy Matrix Green Composites." Aerospace 8, no. 1: 5.
Extensive usage of plastics causes environmental deterioration, global warming and health imperilments, costing the economy around $139 billion annually. Conversely, from childcare products to coffins manufactured with plastics, they have become an integral part of our life. At this situation, banning the use of plastics is not sustainable. Therefore, it is necessary to espouse circular economy (CE) in plastic sector. Meaning, preventing waste by manufacturing products that are efficiently reusable, recyclable or recoverable and gradually replacing non-degradable with degradable plastics. This chapter focuses on the concept of CE in plastic industries, recycling and recovering methods of plastics, government frameworks and challenges faced for implementation of circularity. From the case studies reported in this work, though there are successful execution of circularity in few scenarios, it can be noted that the implementation of CE is still at infant stages, as large proportion of companies have yet not committed 100% circularity until 2025. This work also identifies that more advancements in research and technologies, more tax benefits and funding allocation, need for collaborative business models, boosting and advertising the demand for recovered products and increased awareness on social responsibility of consumers and manufacturers are still necessary for achieving efficient circularity of plastics.
Anand Bellam Balaji; Xiaoling Liu. Plastics in Circular Economy: A Sustainable Progression. An Introduction to Circular Economy 2020, 159 -178.
AMA StyleAnand Bellam Balaji, Xiaoling Liu. Plastics in Circular Economy: A Sustainable Progression. An Introduction to Circular Economy. 2020; ():159-178.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnand Bellam Balaji; Xiaoling Liu. 2020. "Plastics in Circular Economy: A Sustainable Progression." An Introduction to Circular Economy , no. : 159-178.
A high temperature epoxy resin was formulated by using a rosin-sourced anhydride-type curing agent, i.e., maleopimaric acid (RAM), and a two-component epoxy consisting of an E51-type epoxy and a solid phenolic epoxy to form a bio-sourced green matrix resin. The glass transition temperature of the final resin was 238 °C Carbon fiber composite prepreg and was manufactured and laminated into composite specimens. Interleaving Toughening Technology (ITT) was applied to the laminates by using Polyamide interleaf veils. The interlaminar fracture toughness and compression after impact (CAI) strength were investigated and showed that the opening Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness GIC and the Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness GIIC of the specimens with interleaves were significantly improved from 227.51 J/m2 to 509.22 J/m2 and 1064.3 J/m2 to 1510.8 J/m2, respectively. Correspondingly, the drop-weight impact test shows that the interleaves reduced the impact damage area from 20.9% to 11.3% of the total area, and the CAI residual strength was increased from 144 MPa to 191 MPa. Meanwhile, mechanical tests showed that the in-plane properties of the interleaved laminates were slightly reduced due to carbon fiber volume fraction reduction. In conclusion, the high glass transition temperature, fracture toughness and CAI behaviour make the green resin matrix composite a potential candidate for aerospace applications.
Dongyuan Hu; Xvfeng Zhang; Xiaoling Liu; Zhen Qin; Li Hu; Chris Rudd; Xiaosu Yi. Study on Toughness Improvement of a Rosin-Sourced Epoxy Matrix Composite for Green Aerospace Application. Journal of Composites Science 2020, 4, 168 .
AMA StyleDongyuan Hu, Xvfeng Zhang, Xiaoling Liu, Zhen Qin, Li Hu, Chris Rudd, Xiaosu Yi. Study on Toughness Improvement of a Rosin-Sourced Epoxy Matrix Composite for Green Aerospace Application. Journal of Composites Science. 2020; 4 (4):168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDongyuan Hu; Xvfeng Zhang; Xiaoling Liu; Zhen Qin; Li Hu; Chris Rudd; Xiaosu Yi. 2020. "Study on Toughness Improvement of a Rosin-Sourced Epoxy Matrix Composite for Green Aerospace Application." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4: 168.
In this study, biodegradable Polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with phosphate glass fibres (PGF) using different fibre architecture (UUU, CCC, UCU and CUC) were prepared via compression moulding process. The maximum initial flexural strength and modulus were observed for unidirectional (UD) fibre reinforced composites (UUU), whereas CCC composites with thoroughly chopped fibre reinforcement exhibited the lowest values. The sandwich structure of UCU composite with 50% UD reinforcement in the skin and 50% chopped fibre in core exhibited similar flexural properties in comparison to UUU composites, meeting the flexural property requirements of cortical bone. Furthermore, the degradation behaviour and mechanical performance of composites with different fibre architecture were analysed during the degradation process for 28 days. The UUU composites showed the most rapid degradation of the flexural performance. Meanwhile, a lower reduction of flexural properties was observed for UCU composites due to less susceptibility to wicking in discontinuous fibres. As such, the UCU composite could provide near flexural performance with better retention of properties during the degradation.
Chenkai Zhu; Jinsong Liu; Yan Zhang; Qun Zu; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. Time-dependent degradation behaviour of phosphate glass fibre reinforced composites with different fibre architecture. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 2020, 1 -16.
AMA StyleChenkai Zhu, Jinsong Liu, Yan Zhang, Qun Zu, Chris Rudd, Xiaoling Liu. Time-dependent degradation behaviour of phosphate glass fibre reinforced composites with different fibre architecture. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials. 2020; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChenkai Zhu; Jinsong Liu; Yan Zhang; Qun Zu; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. 2020. "Time-dependent degradation behaviour of phosphate glass fibre reinforced composites with different fibre architecture." Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials , no. : 1-16.
In this study, a novel approach to improving the fire performance of sandwich composites without effect on intrinsic composite structure was explored. The intumescent mat M10 and M20 with expansion ratio 10:1 and 20:1, respectively, were used to protect sandwich composite with evaluation for thermal insulation, heat release rate, smoke density, smoke toxicity, and post-fire performance. Due to char layer formed with expanded graphite when intumescent mat exposed to fire, significant reduction in the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE), specific optical density and Valeur Obscurcissement Fumée values in the initial 4 min (VOF4) were observed for sandwich composite with intumescent mat protection, which also improved mechanical properties retention following exposure to flame. According to the EN 45545 standard, all composites passed HL3 hazard level of smoke toxicity. However, due to higher expansion ratio, sandwich composites with M20 mat passed HL3 hazard level of MARHE and HL2 for specific optical density. As such, the M20 mat with excellent flame retardant performance and mechanical properties retention could be potentially used for rail industry applications.
Chenkai Zhu; Saihua Li; Jingjing Li; Mandy Clement; Chris Rudd; Xiaosu Yi; Xiaoling Liu. Fire performance of sandwich composites with intumescent mat protection: Evolving thermal insulation, post-fire performance and rail industry testing. Fire Safety Journal 2020, 116, 103205 .
AMA StyleChenkai Zhu, Saihua Li, Jingjing Li, Mandy Clement, Chris Rudd, Xiaosu Yi, Xiaoling Liu. Fire performance of sandwich composites with intumescent mat protection: Evolving thermal insulation, post-fire performance and rail industry testing. Fire Safety Journal. 2020; 116 ():103205.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChenkai Zhu; Saihua Li; Jingjing Li; Mandy Clement; Chris Rudd; Xiaosu Yi; Xiaoling Liu. 2020. "Fire performance of sandwich composites with intumescent mat protection: Evolving thermal insulation, post-fire performance and rail industry testing." Fire Safety Journal 116, no. : 103205.
Electrospinning forms fibers from either an electrically charged polymer solution or polymer melt. Over the past decades, it has become a simple and versatile method for nanofiber production. Hence, it has been explored in many different applications. Commonly used electrospinning assembles fibers from polymer solutions in various solvents, known as solution electrospinning, while melt and near-field electrospinning techniques enhance the versatility of electrospinning. Adaption of additive manufacturing strategy to electrospinning permits precise fiber deposition and predefining pattern construction. This manuscript critically presents the potential of electrospun nanofibers in healthcare applications. Research community drew impetus from the similarity of electrospun nanofibers to the morphology and mechanical properties of fibrous extracellular matrices (ECM) of natural human tissues. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds act as ECM analogs for specific tissue cells, stem cells, and tumor cells to realize tissue regeneration, stem cell differentiation, and in vitro tumor model construction. The large surface-to-volume ratio of electrospun nanofibers offers a considerable number of bioactive agents binding sites, which makes it a promising candidate for a number of biomedical applications. The applications of electrospinning in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery, biosensors, and cancer diagnosis are elaborated. Electrospun nanofiber incorporations in medical device coating, in vitro 3D cancer model, and filtration membrane are also discussed.
Ziqian Liu; Seeram Ramakrishna; Xiaoling Liu. Electrospinning and emerging healthcare and medicine possibilities. APL Bioengineering 2020, 4, 030901 .
AMA StyleZiqian Liu, Seeram Ramakrishna, Xiaoling Liu. Electrospinning and emerging healthcare and medicine possibilities. APL Bioengineering. 2020; 4 (3):030901.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZiqian Liu; Seeram Ramakrishna; Xiaoling Liu. 2020. "Electrospinning and emerging healthcare and medicine possibilities." APL Bioengineering 4, no. 3: 030901.
Carbon fiber is now in focus center for manufacturing various commercial and technical products in global industry. Especially, in automobiles, the use of carbon fiber has led empowerment of more fuel proficient transportation. On the downsides, at their end-of-life stage, huge amounts end up in landfills causing serious waste management and environmental issues. Meanwhile, expanded collaborations among the industrialists and researchers have aided recuperating and reusing of the carbon fibers, putting them back into the track of circular economy. This work presents a comprehensive review on the driving forces and challenges faced by the stakeholders in using recycled carbon fibers (rCF) for development of new automotive parts, in order to close the loop of carbon fibers in automobile industry. The insights of current carbon fiber recycling technologies are summarized. It is seen that though several recycling processes are reaching a mature stage with implementations at commercial scales in operation, pyrolysis is the most desired recycling technology to date. Further, a short market review discussed in this work highlights that irrespective of a number of challenges faced in adoption of circularity of carbon fibers, key automobile manufacturers have launched many cars and trucks with few of its components manufactured using rCF. Additionally, this work also identifies that more advancements in research and technologies, more tax benefits and funding allocation, need for collaborative business models, boosting, and establishing a more matured market for recovered rCF composites are still necessary for achieving efficient circularity of carbon fibers.
Anand Bellam Balaji; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. Recycled Carbon Fibers (rCF) in Automobiles: Towards Circular Economy. Materials Circular Economy 2020, 2, 1 -8.
AMA StyleAnand Bellam Balaji, Chris Rudd, Xiaoling Liu. Recycled Carbon Fibers (rCF) in Automobiles: Towards Circular Economy. Materials Circular Economy. 2020; 2 (1):1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnand Bellam Balaji; Chris Rudd; Xiaoling Liu. 2020. "Recycled Carbon Fibers (rCF) in Automobiles: Towards Circular Economy." Materials Circular Economy 2, no. 1: 1-8.
This investigation studied the utilization of intumescent thermal resistive mats to provide surface protection to the core natural fibre-reinforced Elium® composite structural integrity. The intumescent mats contained flame retardant (FR) i.e. expandable graphite (EG) with four different expansion ratios and alumina trihydrate (ATH). All natural fibre thermoplastic composites were fabricated using a resin infusion technique. The impact of char thickness and chemical compositions on the flammability and smoke properties was investigated. It was found that surface protection significantly reduced the peak heat release rate, total smoke release, smoke extinction area and CO2 yield, and substantially enhanced UL-94 rating, time to ignition and residual char network, depending on the EG exfoliation ratio, ATH and mineral wool fibre. The glass transition temperature increased for the FR composites containing EG with lower expansion ratio. Inclusion of intumescent mats increased the strength of the composites while it had a negative effect on the modulus.
Pooria Khalili; Brina Blinzler; Roland Kádár; Per Blomqvist; Anna Sandinge; Roeland Bisschop; Xiaoling Liu. Ramie fabric Elium® composites with flame retardant coating: Flammability, smoke, viscoelastic and mechanical properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2020, 137, 105986 .
AMA StylePooria Khalili, Brina Blinzler, Roland Kádár, Per Blomqvist, Anna Sandinge, Roeland Bisschop, Xiaoling Liu. Ramie fabric Elium® composites with flame retardant coating: Flammability, smoke, viscoelastic and mechanical properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2020; 137 ():105986.
Chicago/Turabian StylePooria Khalili; Brina Blinzler; Roland Kádár; Per Blomqvist; Anna Sandinge; Roeland Bisschop; Xiaoling Liu. 2020. "Ramie fabric Elium® composites with flame retardant coating: Flammability, smoke, viscoelastic and mechanical properties." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 137, no. : 105986.
Wind energy has been considered as one of the greenest renewable energy sources over the last two decades. However, attention is turning to reducing the possible environmental impacts from this sector. We argue that wind energy would not be effectively “green” if anthropogenic materials are not given attention in a responsible manner. Using the concept of the circular economy, this paper considers how anthropogenic materials in the form of carbon fibers can reenter the circular economy system at the highest possible quality. This paper first investigates the viability of a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer extraction process using thermal pyrolysis to recalibrate the maximum carbon fiber value by examining the effect of (a) heating rate, (b) temperature, and (c) inert gas flow rate on char yield. With cleaner and higher quality recovered carbon fibers, this paper discusses the economic preconditions for the takeoff and growth of the industry and recommends the reuse of extracted carbon fibers to close the circular economy loop.
Siqi Hao; Adrian T.H. Kuah; Christopher D. Rudd; Kok Hoong Wong; Nai Yeen Gavin Lai; Jianan Mao; Xiaoling Liu. A circular economy approach to green energy: Wind turbine, waste, and material recovery. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 702, 135054 .
AMA StyleSiqi Hao, Adrian T.H. Kuah, Christopher D. Rudd, Kok Hoong Wong, Nai Yeen Gavin Lai, Jianan Mao, Xiaoling Liu. A circular economy approach to green energy: Wind turbine, waste, and material recovery. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 702 ():135054.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiqi Hao; Adrian T.H. Kuah; Christopher D. Rudd; Kok Hoong Wong; Nai Yeen Gavin Lai; Jianan Mao; Xiaoling Liu. 2019. "A circular economy approach to green energy: Wind turbine, waste, and material recovery." Science of The Total Environment 702, no. : 135054.
Phosphate glass/polylactide (PG/PLA) composites were additively manufactured via fused deposition modeling. The incorporation of 10 wt % PG particles improved the flexural modulus of composites by ~14% (3.53 GPa) but led to 5% reduction in flexural strength (92.4 MPa). The trend was more pronounced as the particle loading doubled. Comparing to a particulate composite of the same weight fraction, milled PG fibers (PGFs) reinforcement led to more effectively improved flexural modulus (~30%, 4.10 GPa). After 28 days of in vitro degradation in phosphate buffered saline, the particulate composites lost more than 30% of their initial mechanical properties, in contrast to less than 10% reduction of strength/modulus reported from fiber reinforced composites. The additively manufactured PG/PLA matrix composites have potential for application as customized bone fixation plates to repair the fractures under modest load‐bearing applications. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48171.
Lizhe He; Jiahui Zhong; Chenkai Zhu; Xiaoling Liu. Mechanical properties andin vitrodegradation behavior of additively manufactured phosphate glass particles/fibers reinforced polylactide. Journal of Polymer Science 2019, 136, 1 .
AMA StyleLizhe He, Jiahui Zhong, Chenkai Zhu, Xiaoling Liu. Mechanical properties andin vitrodegradation behavior of additively manufactured phosphate glass particles/fibers reinforced polylactide. Journal of Polymer Science. 2019; 136 (44):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLizhe He; Jiahui Zhong; Chenkai Zhu; Xiaoling Liu. 2019. "Mechanical properties andin vitrodegradation behavior of additively manufactured phosphate glass particles/fibers reinforced polylactide." Journal of Polymer Science 136, no. 44: 1.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to fabricate and characterize the natural fibre (NF) reinforced epoxy composites containing flame retardants (FRs) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in terms of flammability, thermal properties and dynamic mechanical performances. Design/methodology/approach The FRs used in this study were ammonium polyphosphate and alumina trihydrate. Findings The results demonstrated that the addition of MCC particles into the flame retardant composite (control) further enhanced the self-extinguishing properties of composites, in particular, the burn length. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the mass residue improved with every addition of MCC particles at 700 °C. For instance, the residual weight enhanced from 28.4 Wt.% to 33 Wt.% for the control and the composite with 7 Wt.% MCCs, respectively. As obtained from the dynamic mechanical analysis, the glass transition temperature of composites increased upon increasing inclusion of MCC particles. For example, this parameter was 77.1 °C and 86.8 °C for the control and composite loaded with 7 Wt.% MCC, respectively. Originality/value Thus, the combination of MCC and FR had been proved to be a promising flame retardant system for NF reinforced epoxy.
Pooria Khalili; Xiao Ling Liu; Kim Yeow Tshai; Ing Kong; Chris Rudd; Xiao Su Yi. The effects of microcrystalline cellulose on the flammability and thermal behaviours of flame retarded natural fibre epoxy composite. World Journal of Engineering 2019, 16, 363 -367.
AMA StylePooria Khalili, Xiao Ling Liu, Kim Yeow Tshai, Ing Kong, Chris Rudd, Xiao Su Yi. The effects of microcrystalline cellulose on the flammability and thermal behaviours of flame retarded natural fibre epoxy composite. World Journal of Engineering. 2019; 16 (3):363-367.
Chicago/Turabian StylePooria Khalili; Xiao Ling Liu; Kim Yeow Tshai; Ing Kong; Chris Rudd; Xiao Su Yi. 2019. "The effects of microcrystalline cellulose on the flammability and thermal behaviours of flame retarded natural fibre epoxy composite." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 3: 363-367.