Climate warming impacts arctic and subarctic lands, subjecting it to a generalized rise in soil temperature and causing changes in the surface cover. Land cover is a key control parameter for soil hydrothermal states, and its study by satellite imagery is necessary for monitoring boreal surface changes over time at large scales. Understanding the links between land cover and environmental conditions is also crucial to anticipate the impacts of atmospheric changes on continental surfaces. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data combined with a field campaign in July 2024 were used to produce a 10 m spatial resolution land cover map in the Abisko region, northern Sweden, covering 2180 km² and including three watersheds with an overall accuracy exceeding 94%. In parallel, temperature and precipitation fields were statistically downscaled at 100 m spatial resolution using topography, ordinary kriging based on weather stations and reanalysis. The relationships between surface areas and average summer temperature–precipitation clusters reveal that the vegetation distribution closely reflects the recent atmospheric conditions with the treeline following the 10.2 °C July–August isotherm in the considered area. This study provides a spatial basis for investigating the complex atmosphere–surface interactions and for assessing the sensitivity of boreal landscapes to ongoing climate warming.