Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes that detect pathogens, cellular stress, and damage-associated molecular signals, thereby orchestrating innate immune responses. Increasing evidence suggests that dysregulated inflammasome activation contributes to persistent neuroinflammation and to a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including mood disorders, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism spectrum disorders. Together, these findings emphasize the critical role of neuroimmune interactions in the pathophysiology of mental disorders. Recent molecular studies have substantially advanced our understanding of the crosstalk among neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune cells, uncovering complex regulatory networks mediated by cytokines, neurotrophins, and neurotransmitters. By examining key inflammatory mediators and cell type-specific mechanisms, this review consolidates current knowledge and proposes conceptual frameworks to guide future investigations and facilitate the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.