To evaluate the humoral immune response to the initial Lumpy skin disease (LSD) vaccination in three cattle breeds, namely Korean native cattle (Hanwoo), Holstein, and Jersey, up to 18 weeks post-vaccination. Overall, 65 cattle were vaccinated with the live attenuated Neethling strain of the LSD vaccine (Lumpyvax®, MSD Animal Health). Antibody titers were measured using ELISA from blood samples collected before and at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 weeks post-vaccination. Pre-vaccination complete blood count parameters were analyzed to determine their correlation with antibody responses. Significant breed-specific differences were observed in antibody titers and seropositivity rates. Eighteen weeks post-vaccination, Holstein cattle exhibited the most significant increase in LSD antibody concentrations, followed by Hanwoo and Jersey cattle (p < 0.05). Additionally, Holstein cattle achieved the highest seroconversion rates (73.3 %), whereas Hanwoo cattle showed the lowest seropositivity (33.3 %) during the same period. Additionally, pre-vaccination immune cell profiles, particularly lymphocyte and basophil levels, were correlated with antibody responses, emphasizing the role of innate immunity in vaccine efficacy. We should consider breed-specific immune responses and pre-vaccination immune cell profiles when developing vaccination strategies. Tailored approaches may enhance vaccine efficacy and improve disease control across different cattle breeds. We evaluated the antibody titers across different cattle breeds following LSD vaccination, providing critical insights into breed-specific vaccine efficacy. These findings support the development of tailored vaccination strategies, contributing to improved disease prevention, control measures, and overall livestock productivity.

Objective: Subclinical mastitis decreases milk production and quality, despite the normal appearance of the mammary glands and milk. Herein, we aimed to investigate changes in factors monitored via automatic milking systems (AMS) prior to subclinical mastitis onset and identify differences in hematological and biochemical parameters and milk composition at subclinical mastitis onset.Methods: Thirty-two Holstein cows were divided into two groups according to somatic cell counts (SCC) from AMS and milk composition analysis and the California mastitis test (CMT): healthy cows (controls [CON], n = 16, SCC <500×103 cells/mL and negative for CMT) and cows with subclinical mastitis (SCM, n=16, SCC ≥500×103 cells/mL and positive for CMT). Eventually, 121 milk samples from the CON ([mCON], n = 60) and SCM ([mSCM], n = 61) groups were obtained; SCM samples were categorized as those from non-inflamed (mNQ) or subclinically-inflamed (mIQ) quarters. We evaluated AMS factors; hematological, biochemical, and milk composition parameters; and bacterial isolation.Results: In cows with SCM, milk yield decreased, and electrical conductivity (EC) changed before disease onset. Milk EC decreased in mNQ although increased in mIQ (p<0.05). The SCM group had higher globulin levels and lower basophil counts; albumin-to-globulin ratio; and total cholesterol, albumin, and blood urea nitrogen levels than the CON group (p<0.05). The mIQ group had higher SCC but lower levels of lactose and milk solids-notfat than those in the mCON and mNQ groups (p<0.05). The mCON group had higher levels of milk non-protein nitrogen than the mNQ group (p<0.05). Opportunistic mastitis pathogens were isolated in the mIQ group.Conclusion: Changes in milk yield and EC measured using AMS occurred prior to subclinical mastitis, which may be associated with variation in basophil counts; albumin-toglobulin ratio; and total cholesterol, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, globulin, SCC, milk lactose, and milk solids-not-fat levels at disease onset. These findings provide new insights into early-stage subclinical mastitis.

Ha S, et al. J Vet Sci. 2023 Aug;24:e70. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.23111

Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome (JHS) is?a?sporadic and fatal enterotoxaemic disease in?dairy cows associated with acute development and poor prognosis despite treatment. A 5-year-old Holstein cow with no?reported pregnancy, three calving numbers...

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) poses a significant challenge to the cattle industry, as it causes substantial economic losses and adverse impacts on animal welfare. This study aimed to determine the optimal timing for respiratory vaccination in Jersey calves, considering age-related responses and maternal antibody interference. Twenty-five Jersey calves were randomly assigned to three vaccination groups based on timing: Group A (14 and 16 weeks), Group B (16 and 18 weeks), and Group C (18 and 20 weeks). Calves were further divided into subgroups based on their initial Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) antibody levels. Blood samples were collected at 8, 14, 24, and 52 weeks of age to measure IBR and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) antibody levels. The results indicated that the vaccination strategy, which considered maternal IBR antibody levels at the time of vaccination, enhanced long-term IBR immunity and influenced BVD immunity. Additionally, calves vaccinated while seronegative for IBR exhibited higher seropositivity at 52 weeks compared to those immunized while seropositive. Our findings suggest that the optimal vaccination strategy for Jersey calves involves primary vaccination between 14 and 18 weeks of age, followed by a booster shot at a two-week interval. Furthermore, low maternal anti-IBR antibody levels at the time of vaccination were associated with increased antibody levels at 52 weeks of age and may influence BVD immunity. These findings could inform the development of more effective vaccination strategies for Jersey calves, potentially enhancing BRD management and reducing the economic impact on this breed.