Energy transition regions (ETRs) face simultaneous pressures as decarbonisation policies intersect climate hazards, land-use constraints, and economic uncertainty. Although research on renewable energy deployment, climate vulnerability, spatial planning, and investment behaviour has expanded, these topics often remain disconnected, limiting their usefulness for guiding regional energy strategies. This review applies a structured, PRISMA-informed (but not protocol-registered) search and screening process, combining bibliometric mapping with qualitative thematic synthesis. In total, 231 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 were analysed to identify how climate-related risks, financial conditions, and territorial constraints jointly influence energy system choices in ETRs. Four major themes emerge: climate risk and infrastructure vulnerability, investment dynamics and policy stability, land-use governance and siting conflicts, and renewable energy system integration. Across these areas, common challenges include the impact of extreme events on system reliability, the influence of policy uncertainty on capital flows, and the role of land scarcity in shaping technology mixes. To link these dimensions, this study proposes the Resilience–Investment–Land Nexus (RILN), a framework that describes how climate exposure, investment risk, spatial suitability, and social acceptance interact to shape transition pathways. The results highlight the need for climate-informed planning, stable regulatory environments, and stronger spatial decision-support tools. It also identifies gaps in integrating climate risk, land-use modelling, and investment analysis and offers directions for future work on resilient, region-specific energy transitions.

Energy Transition Regions (ETRs) face the dual challenge of phasing out carbon-intensive activities while ensuring economic viability, social stability, and climate resilience. This study operationalises the Resilience–Investment–Land Nexus (RILN) to examine how climate vulnerability, investment decision-making, land-use planning, and governance capacity interact to shape transition outcomes. An expert survey conducted in three European ETRs, Western Macedonia (Greece), Silesia (Poland), and Stara Zagora (Bulgaria), assesses perceptions of optimal investment and land-use strategies (OILUS) alongside the political and local governance framework (PLGF) enabling their implementation. A radar-based multi-criteria diagnostic analysis reveals a consistent implementation gap: strong strategic alignment on climate-resilient planning coexists with weaker institutional capacity, coordination, financial resources, and data availability. Cross-country differences indicate that these constraints are shaped by context-specific governance structures rather than uniform technical barriers. Formal heterogeneity analysis using nonparametric tests and ordinal regression models reveals limited divergence in strategic priorities but substantial variation in governance capacity perceptions across countries. The findings highlight governance readiness as a critical determinant of whether climate-resilient investment strategies can be translated into actionable policies. By providing an empirically grounded operationalisation of the RILN framework, the study offers a diagnostic approach for identifying institutional bottlenecks and informing more feasible transition pathways in regions undergoing structural energy transformation.