Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in females worldwide.^1,2 The number of incidences and mortality of cervical cancer is estimated to increase by 32% (from 604,127 to 797,712) and 41% (from 341,831 to 481,451) between 2020 and 2040, as reported by GLOBOCAN 2020 Report.^1,3 Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the key cause of uncontrolled cell growth leading to cervical cancer. About 90% of cervical cancer is preventable because of the slow progression of the disease, giving a window of about 10 years for the precancerous lesion to be recognized and treated.^4,5 The challenges for cervical cancer diagnosis are inter-observer variation in clinician’s interpretation, cost of cytology-based screening, and lack of skilled clinicians.^6,7

Lung malignancy is known to be one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer are common. These are due to secretion of various substances and not because of direct tumour invasion or me-tastasis. These syndromes have also been associated with lung cancer prognosis. This review describes the many endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes seen in lung cancer and narrates their incidence, biology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management.

Patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during COVID-19 pandemic have higher morbidity. Treatment of these patients require aerosolization procedures like nebulization and noninvasive modalities for ventilation like non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and high flow nasal cannula (HFNC). Role of these procedures in corona virus transmission when treating a case of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should be further studied.

SignificanceCervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally. Hence, it is crucial to develop a noninvasive and portable optical imaging modality for the early detection of premalignant cervical lesions.AimWe present the development and clinical validation of GynoSight v2.0, an indigenously developed multispectral, non-chip-on-tip source, hand-held, portable transvaginal imaging probe, for evaluating tissue health and identifying anomalies, such as those linked to precancerous cervical lesions.ApproachGynoSight v2.0 houses a 16 LEDs, 5-megapixel camera, and a Raspberry Pi 5 module. A comparative shadowing effect analysis was performed between GynoSight v2.0 and colposcopy by evaluating statistical metrics such as mean pixel intensity (MPI), shadow area percentage (SAP), entropy, and contrast-to-noise ratio. In addition, the relative oxygen saturation maps of the cervical tissue were computed from the multispectral registered image using the proposed discrete Fourier transform-based image registration technique.ResultsThe images of N=6 (N=2 normal, N=1 premalignant, and N=3 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) subjects were acquired. A comparative shadowing analysis shows a 50-unit gray level value separation between the colposcope and GynoSight v2.0 images. The pixel values of the colposcope are skewed to the lower pixel values, and the pixel values of GynoSight v2.0 are spread uniformly over 0 to 255 gray-level pixel values. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that MPI, SAP, and entropy are significant metrics for shadowing effect quantification.ConclusionsThe colposcopy images showed more shadowing effects than the GynoSight v2.0 images and hence provide better illumination to aid in better diagnosis.

Development of an automatic artificial intelligence based classification model for the detection of cervical lesions on a dataset of colposcopic cervix images with acetic acid.