To find factors affecting hip and femoral deformities in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) by comparing various clinical findings with imaging studies including plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) imaging. Medical records of 709 children with spastic CP who underwent thorough baseline physical examination and functional assessment between 2 to 6 years old were retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-seven children (31 boys and 26 girls) who had both plain radiography of the hip and three-dimensional CT of the lower extremities at least 5 years after baseline examination were included in this study. The mean age at physical examination was 3.6 years (SD=1.6; range, 2-5.2 years) and the duration of follow-up imaging after baseline examination was 68.4 months (SD=22.0; range, 60-124 months). The migration percentage correlated with motor impairment and the severity of hip adductor spasticity (R1 angle of hip abduction with knee flexion). The femoral neck and shaft angle correlated with the ambulation ability and severity of hip adductor spasticity (R1 and R2 angles of hip abduction with both knee flexion and extension). Hip subluxation and coxa valga deformity correlated with both dynamic spasticity and shortening of hip adductor muscles. However, we found no correlation between femoral deformities such as femoral anteversion, coxa valga, and hip subluxation.

Arytenoid cartilage dislocation is one of the most common mechanical causes of vocal fold immobility. The most common etiologies are intubation and external trauma, but its incidence is lower than 0.1%. Its symptoms include dysphonia, vocal fatigue, loss of vocal control, breathiness, odynophagia, dysphagia, dyspnea, and cough. Although there are some reports of arytenoid cartilage dislocation in adults, there are only few reports on its occurrence in children. It is particularly difficult to detect the symptoms of arytenoid cartilage dislocation in uncooperative pediatric patients with brain lesions without verbal output or voluntary expression. We report a case of arytenoid cartilage dislocation with incidental findings in a videofluoroscopic swallowing study performed to evaluate the swallowing function.

Architectural changes in healthy muscle after denervation have not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate architectural changes in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) after aesthetic tibial nerve ablation in healthy adults using ultrasonography (US). The effects of tibial nerve ablation were verified by visual observation and surface electromyography analysis. US images of medial GCMs were taken by one trained physician using B-mode and real-time US with a linear-array probe before nerve ablation, at 1 week after nerve ablation and at 3 months after nerve ablation in an anatomic standing position with the feet about shoulder-width apart in 19 healthy adults (17 females and 2 males). Muscle thickness was significantly reduced on the left side at 1 week and 3 months after the procedure and on the right side at 3 months after the procedure (p<0.050). Although fascicle length was not significantly changed, pennation angle was significantly reduced on both sides at 3 months after the procedure (p<0.050). Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the muscle fascicle were significantly reduced, although fascicle length was not significantly changed, after tibial nerve ablation in the medial GCM of healthy adults.

Background/Objectives: The impact of stroke on upper extremity function in the older adult population underscores the need for accurate recovery prediction. Motor evoked potential (MEP) has been explored as a predictor of upper extremity function recovery in patients with stroke. However, research specifically targeting the geriatric population remains limited. Therefore, this study focused specifically on patients aged 65 years and older to investigate correlations between MEP parameters and upper extremity function. This study investigates correlations between MEP parameters (amplitude and latency) and upper extremity function-related measures, including Medical Research Council (MRC) scale, the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), and the Hand Function Test (HFT), including grip strength, pinch strength, the Box and Block Test, and the 9-Hole Peg Test, in older adults with stroke. Methods: A multiple linear regression model predicts upper extremity outcomes using initial MEP parameters, time, and function. The dataset includes 90 patients with stroke categorized by timing of the first MEP assessment: ≤3 months (n = 42) or >3 months (n = 48). Results: MEP amplitude and latency were significantly correlated with upper extremity function in both groups. No significant correlations were found between MEP amplitude or latency and outcome measures. Regression analysis showed that initial MEP amplitude had a limited association with outcomes, whereas latency was significantly associated with grip strength (β: −10.205, 95% CI: −19.374~−1.036) and the Box and Block Test (β: −10.204, 95% CI: −20.254~−0.154). Initial upper extremity parameters were significantly associated with K-MBI and HFT follow-up results (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Larger MEP amplitude and faster initial MEP latency were associated with improved upper extremity function in patients with stroke. In older patients, MEP latency, rather than amplitude, demonstrated greater predictive value for upper extremity function recovery, possibly due to age-related muscle atrophy, a factor not fully addressed in existing prognostic frameworks such as PREP2. These findings support the integration of MEP latency assessment into geriatric stroke prognostication, complementing existing frameworks such as PREP2, and may guide personalized rehabilitation planning to optimize functional recovery and independence.