Background: Anemia in pregnant women is categorized as a global health problem. One of the factors for the high maternal mortality rate is the existence of high-risk pregnancies, diseases that are included in high-risk pregnancies, including anemia. The impact of anemia on pregnant women can cause obstacles to the growth of the fetus, both body cells and brain cells, abortion, prolonged labor due to lack of uterine thrust, bleeding, and infection. Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of boiled eggs and papaya fruit on changes in hemoglobin levels in pregnant women at PMB Fitria Wulandari, Bekasi in 2023. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample consisted of 30 respondents consisting of 15 people in the intervention group and 15 people in the control group. Sampling was done by using total sampling. Result: The average hemoglobin level of the control group before administration of Fe tablets was 10.687 gr/dl and after consuming Fe tablets was 10.773 gr/dl. While the average hemoglobin level in the intervention group before being given FE plus boiled eggs and papaya fruit was 10.473 gr/dl and after consuming Fe tablets plus boiled eggs and papaya fruit was 11.313 gr/dl. The statistical test results obtained p value: 0.000. Conclusion: There is an effectiveness in changing hemoglobin levels in pregnant women after consuming boiled eggs and papaya fruit at PMB Fitria Bekasi in 2023. Pregnant women can use eggs and papaya fruit as an alternative option to help increase hemoglobin levels.

Soybean meal is a major protein source in animal feed, its production is associated with concerns about environmental issues, economic volatility, and ethical implications. This study examined alternative protein sources to replace or reduce soybean meal in animal diets while maintaining or improving animal performance and general feed efficiency. The study aimed to point out and identify suitable substitutes of soybean for animal feed from local feed resources, both ruminants and non-ruminants. Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), and hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) were identified as potential soybean substitutes in animal feed in tropics. These legumes possessed comparable protein content, amino acid profiles, and other essential nutrients making them viable alternatives. Velvet beans excel in tropical climates and have high protein content, but careful processing is needed due to anti-nutritional factors. Jack bean is another protein powerhouse with potential for livestock feed, though its toxicity requires proper handling. Pigeon pea is a versatile legume with good protein quality and adaptability to various conditions. Hyacinth bean, while less commonly studied, shows promise as a forage and protein source.

Permanent grassland management commonly includes moderate mineral N fertilization, which can differentially affect botanical composition, dry matter (DM) yield and forage quality of grasses, legumes and forbs. We hypothesized that increasing N would enhance grass dominance and DM yield but raise fiber and reduce metabolizable energy (ME) content. We evaluated long-term N fertilization, cutting time and their interaction on DM yield and ME of grasses, legumes and forbs in a permanent mountain grassland. The field experiment, established in 1967, used a randomized block design (4 replicates, 3 cuts/year) with five treatments: unfertilized (Control), PK without N (N0), and PK plus 80 (N80), 120 (N120) or 180 (N180) kg N/ha per year; forage was sampled in 2014–2016. Increasing N raised grasses to ~92% of biomass at N180 and reduced legumes and forbs (p < 0.001). Mean DM yield rose from 2.5 (Control) to 9.8 t/ha (N180; p < 0.001). High N (N120, N180) lowered ME of grasses in later cuts (8.9 vs. 10.1 MJ/kg DM in the third cut), whereas legumes and forbs maintained high ME. Moderate N fertilization (80–120 kg N/ha) best balanced DM yield, legume and forbs contribution and ME content.