In a growing population, producing enough food has become a challenge in the face of the dramatic increase in climate change. Plants, during their evolution as sessile organisms, developed countless mechanisms to better adapt to the environment and its fluctuations. One important way is through the plasticity of their body and their forms, which are modulated during plant growth by accurate control of cell divisions. A family of serine/threonine kinases called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) is a key regulator of cell divisions by controlling cell cycle progression. In this review, we compile information on the primary response of plants in the regulation of the cell cycle in response to environmental stresses and show how the cell cycle proteins (mainly the cyclin-dependent kinases) involved in this regulation can act as components of environmental response signaling cascades, triggering adaptive responses to drive the cycle through climate fluctuations. Understanding the roles of CDKs and their regulators in the face of adversity may be crucial to meeting the challenge of increasing agricultural productivity in a new climate.

To compare agronomic performance and phenotypic stability among individual soybean lines and a multiline, eight cultivars and a mixture of them were evaluated in six environments in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 crop seasons. At maturity, grain yield (bg ha-1), lodging score, plant height (cm), and first pod height (cm) were evaluated. In the 2015/2016 season, the grain oil and protein content were also evaluated. The GxE interaction was determined by the ecovalence method. The cultivar V-TOP RR had the highest yield, but it was also the highest contributor to the GxE interaction, while the multiline was one of the most stable. The average yield of the multiline did not differ from the average yield of the lines, i.e., the multiline was stable and high yielding. For the other traits, there were no differences between the averages of lines and the multiline by the confidence interval. The mixture of lines is an efficient strategy to increase phenotypic stability in soybean.

To survive in challenging environments, plants must rapidly activate immune responses while maintaining developmental plasticity and reproductive success. This requires continuous negotiation of limited energy and metabolic resources between growth, development, and defense. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis has emerged as a versatile regulatory mechanism that may integrate immune responses with plant developmental programs. In this review, we summarize accumulating evidence that ubiquitination shapes immune responses at multiple regulatory levels. Many of these immune-regulatory mechanisms depend on ubiquitin-dependent pathways that also govern developmental processes and cell cycle regulation. This overlap points to shared molecular nodes that integrate defense with growth. This functional overlap provides a mechanistic basis for growth–defense trade-offs and highlights how plants optimize fitness under stress conditions. Together, these findings position ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis as a unifying regulatory framework through which plants integrate immune responses with developmental programs and cell cycle control. This coordination helps maintain resilience and productivity in a fluctuating environment.

The anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multi‐subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates cell cycle progression, but its role in plant‐pathogen interactions is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that regulation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system, involving APC/C‐associated components, is critical for coordinating host cell cycle modulation and cellular homoeostasis required for proper gall formation and successful nematode parasitism. Inhibition of the 26S proteasome with MG132 severely disrupted gall morphology and nematode development, indicating that proteasome activity is required for feeding site establishment and maintenance. To assess the contribution of APC/C associated components involved in proteasome‐mediated degradation, we examined the effects of overexpressing APC5 , APC7 and APC10 during interactions with the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). Overexpression of a truncated APC7 variant ( APC7‐CT ^OE ), conferred strong resistance to both pathogens, reducing nematode egg mass production by 81% and Hpa conidiospore production by 97%. APC7‐CT ^OE plants exhibited altered gall morphology, suggesting premature senescence of giant cells. In contrast, overexpression of APC5 or APC10 increased susceptibility to M. incognita , revealing functional divergence among APC/C components. Our findings identify a previously unrecognised role for APC/C‐related regulatory pathways in regulating host cellular processes that influence pathogen success and highlight APC7‐CT as a potential target for improving resistance to diverse pathogens.