Background: Previous studies reported controversial results regarding the association between allergic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this article was to investigate whether allergic disorders are associated with ADHD/ASD in a large cohort of pediatric patients.Methods: A retrospective study using the pediatric (0–18 year) database (ICD‐9‐CM codes) of Clalit Health Services during the years (2000–2018). Diagnosis of all disorders was made by specialist physicians.Results: A total of 117 022 consecutive non‐selective allergic children diagnosed with one or more allergic disorder (asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, skin, food, or drug allergy) and 116 968 non‐allergic children were enrolled to our study. The mean follow‐up period was 11 ± 6 years. The presence of allergic disorders in early childhood (mean age of allergic diagnosis 4.5 ± 4.3 years) in boys as well as in girls significantly increased the risk to develop ADHD (O.R 2.45, CI 2.39–2.51; p < .0001), ASD (O.R 1.17, CI 1.08–1.27; p < .0001), or both ADHD + ASD (O.R 1.5, CI 1.35–1.79; p < .0001). Children with more than one allergic comorbidity revealed a much higher risk. In a multivariable analysis (adjusted for age at study entry, number of yearly visits, and gender), the risk of allergic children to develop ADHD and ADHD + ASD, but not ASD alone, remained significantly higher.Conclusion: Allergic disorder in early childhood significantly increased the risk to develop ADHD, and to a less extend ASD, in later life.

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that food‐induced anaphylaxis (FIA) may induce different psychological disorders (PDs). In this study, we aimed to further evaluate the effect of FIA, specifically when occurring in early life, on subsequent PDs development.Methods: We conducted a population‐based, retrospective, matched‐cohort study of pediatric patients (age ≤ 18 years) treated at the “Clalit” healthcare organization during the period 2001–2021. Children diagnosed with FIA were propensity score‐matched with patients without any allergies (controls) of similar demographic parameters. Associations between FIA and different PDs were examined by multivariable regression models.Results: The cohorts comprised 545 FIA patients and 4514 controls. Most patients were <3 years old [87.6% of controls (N = 3955) and 87.3% of the FIA cohort (N = 476)]. In this age group, the major food allergens were cow's milk (N = 258; 54.2%), eggs (N = 60; 12.6%), and peanuts (N = 20; 4.2%). The multivariable regression model identified an association between FIA and any PDs (p < .001), sleeping disorders (p < .001), and eating disorders (p = .050). Kaplan–Meier curves revealed that patients who experienced FIA before 3 years of age had an increased cumulative risk over the follow‐up time of developing any PDs, sleeping disorders, and eating disorders.Conclusion: FIA during the first 3 years of life increases the risk of later developing eating and sleeping disorders, which can last into adulthood. Further attention should be focused on accurately diagnosing these children.

The objectives of our study were to determine the mortality rates, causes, and risk factors of people living with HIV in the modern antiretroviral therapy era, in a major HIV center in Israel. We retrospectively collected data from 1547 patients treated during 2001–2021. We used the Shapiro–Wilk test, Fisher’s exact test, Student’s t test, and chi-square to compare between patients who died and those who did not, and between patients who died from AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related causes. In total, 206 (13.3%) patients died. The causes of death were AIDS-defining diseases (33.5%), cardiovascular diseases (21.8%), non-AIDS infections (16%), and hepatic disorders (7%). The annual mortality rate was 1.31 ± 0.3%. Despite an increase in age (35 ± 13.2 in 2001, 49 ± 13.6 years in 2021; p < 0.001), the mortality rate decreased (2.12% during 2005–2008, 0.71% during 2018–2021; p = 0.0001). AIDS-defining diseases caused 75% of deaths during 2001–2002, and only 25% during 2019–2021. The proportion of cardiovascular deaths increased (8.3% in 2001–2003, 33.3% in 2019–2021; p < 0.001). Low CD4 and high viral load at diagnosis, male gender, non-MSM HIV acquisition (heterosexual transmission and people who inject drugs), and inability to achieve viral suppression because of non-compliance were risk factors for mortality. Mortality rates decreased during 2001–2021; however, the proportion of non-AIDS deaths increased. Early cardiovascular comorbidity screening and targeted adherence interventions in non-MSM populations and in patients with low CD4 are needed.

Background: Despite their life-threatening potential, medical team mistakes during subcutaneous immunotherapy are rarely discussed. Real data are missing, and a survey study estimated that dosing e... Plain language summary Many people suffer from allergies to dust or pollen, and they might suffer from a running nose when they come into contact with the allergens. This reaction is called hayfeve... Tweetable abstract Despite life-threatening potential, medical team mistakes during subcutaneous immunotherapy are rarely discussed. Double checking prior to injection is beneficial and reduced the...

Aim: This study was aimed at identifying variables associated with attending pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) and hospitalization of young children with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: A population‐based case‐control study, which included all children aged 1–6 years diagnosed with CAP from three major districts of a health maintenance organization during 2014–2020. Children born preterm, or with chronic lung diseases or immunodeficiency, were excluded. The cohort was divided into three groups: children diagnosed and treated by the community pediatrician, those who attended PEDs, and those hospitalized. Results: The cohort comprised 59,662 children with CAP, of whom 3685 (6.2%) attended PEDs and 2026 (3.4%) were hospitalized. Of the children treated in the PED, 33% were hospitalized versus 1.4% of those diagnosed in the community. Using multivariable analyses, members of a minority sector, low or middle socioeconomic status, elevated white blood cell count, and high C‐reactive protein levels were independently and significantly associated with PED attendance and hospitalization. Conclusion: Community pediatricians should integrate the identified variables associated with attending PEDs and hospitalization to optimize management of children with CAP, given the potential for complications and mortality. The recognized 6.2% PED attendance and 3.4% hospitalization, with the identified related associations, have implications for pediatric healthcare planning.