Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination in topsoil poses non-negligible risks to both the ecological environment and public safety. This study integrated multiple methods to conduct geochemical analyses and assess the presence of PTEs in topsoils of an urban area. The findings show that the average concentrations of PTEs were as follows: 8.21 mg/kg for As, 0.23 mg/kg for Cd, 92.26 mg/kg for Cr, 0.22 mg/kg for Hg, 35.99 mg/kg for Pb, 37.83 mg/kg for Cu, 42.85 mg/kg for Ni, and 111.99 mg/kg for Zn. Zn exhibited the highest mean concentration among PTEs in the topsoil, followed by Cr and Ni, while all PTEs exceeded their background levels. Utilizing the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, four distinct sources of PTEs were quantitatively determined: F1, representing industrial emissions, had the highest contribution rate (30.73%) and mainly provided Cr and Ni; F2, representing agricultural activities, ranked second with a contribution rate of 23.31%. The Nemerow geo-accumulation index (NI) varied between 0.26 and 2.07 (mean = 0.73), with over 88% of the samples classified as slightly polluted; the potential ecological risk index (PERI) was in the range of 119.98–511.07 (mean = 158.95), with more than 95% classified within the low-to-moderate ecological risk range; and the soil environmental capacity index (PI) ranged from 0.47 to 1.40, with an average value of 1.0. These results suggest that the pollution level of and potential ecological risk posed by PTEs are low overall, reflecting a robust soil carrying capacity and minimal adverse effects on the ecosystem. In addition, the hazards of PTEs to public health were quantified based on the human health risk assessment framework. The potential health risks posed by PTEs fell into the acceptable range for both children and adults. Notably, elevated risk values were predominantly observed in the southern portion of the study area, with arsenic (As) being the principal contributor.