The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to healthcare, including reduced administration of routinely recommended HPV vaccines in a number of European countries. Because the extent and trends of accumulated vaccine dose deficits may vary by country, decision-makers need country-specific information regarding vaccine deficits to plan effective catch-up initiatives. To address this knowledge gap in Switzerland and Greece, this study used a previously published COVID-19 recovery calculator and historical vaccine sales data to quantify the cumulative number of missed doses and the catch-up rate required to clear the deficit in Switzerland and Greece. The resultant cumulative deficit in HPV doses for Switzerland and Greece were 24.4% and 21.7%, respectively, of the total number of doses disseminated in 2019. To clear the dose deficit by December 2025, monthly vaccination rates must be increased by 6.3% and 6.0% compared to 2019 rates in Switzerland and Greece, respectively. This study demonstrates that administration rates of routine HPV vaccines decreased significantly among Swiss and Greek adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and that a sustained increase in vaccination rates is necessary to recover the HPV dose deficits identified and to prevent long-term public health consequences.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition associated with substantial clinical and economic burden. As multiple therapeutic options are available, patient preferences on treatment characteristics are key in T2DM therapeutic decision-making. This study aimed to determine the preferences of US patients with T2DM for therapies recommended for first pharmacologic intensification after metformin. Methods As part of a discrete choice experiment, an online survey was designed using literature review and qualitative interview findings. Eligibility was met by US patients with T2DM who were aged 18 years or older with an HbA_1c ≥ 6.5%. Anonymized therapy profiles were created from six antidiabetic therapies including oral and injectable semaglutide, dulaglutide, empagliflozin, sitagliptin, and thiazolidinediones. Results Eligible patients (n = 500) had a mean HbA_1c of 7.4%, and a mean BMI of 32.0 kg/m², the majority of which (72.2%) were injectable-naïve. The treatment characteristic with greatest importance was mode and frequency of administration (35.5%), followed by body weight change (29.2%), cardiovascular event risk (19.1%), hypoglycemic event risk (9.9%), and HbA_1c change (6.5%). An oral semaglutide-like profile was preferred by 91.9–70.1% of respondents depending on the comparator agent, and preference was significant in each comparison (p < 0.05); an injectable semaglutide-like profile was preferred by 89.3–55.7% of respondents in each comparison depending on the comparator agent. Conclusion Patients with T2DM in the USA are significantly more likely to prefer oral or injectable semaglutide-like profiles over those of key comparators from the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, and thiazolidinedione classes.

Background/objectives: Gram-negative bacterial infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This targeted literature review (TLR) aimed to descriptively synthesise safety outcomes reported for polymyxins, aminoglycosides, and imipenem/cilastatin/relebactum (IMI/REL) in adult patients with Gram-negative infections. Methods: A TLR was conducted to identify published literature from 2015 to 2025. A database search was conducted on 14 February 2025, using the OVID^® platform and grey literature search reviewed publications from the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) and Infectious Disease (ID) Week. Safety outcomes included nephrotoxicity, other toxicities (e.g., haematological, hepatological), renal impairment, treatment-related (i.e., explicitly related to the antimicrobial treatment or its complications) discontinuation, and treatment-related mortality. Results: Sixty-eight publications were included. Definitions of nephrotoxicity varied between publications; RIFLE and KDIGO classifications were typically used. Definitions of renal impairment included renal risk/injury/failure and acute kidney injury (AKI). Colistin (n = 63) showed nephrotoxicity rates of 30.8–56.4%; renal impairment of 15.0–53.8%; treatment-related discontinuation of 12.5–23.0%; and treatment-related mortality from 20.0 to 39.1%. Polymyxin B showed nephrotoxicity rates of 14.6–54.9%; renal impairment rates ranging from 5.3 to 58.1%; and treatment-related mortality of 7.0% (n = 1). Aminoglycoside data were limited (n = 2) but showed nephrotoxicity rates of 77.8% and renal impairment of 18.8%. IMI/REL (n = 6) demonstrated nephrotoxicity of 10.3–17.2%; renal impairment of 0.0–20.7%; treatment-related discontinuation of 0.0–2.3%; and treatment-related mortality of 0.0–0.7%. Conclusions: Polymyxins/aminoglycosides had more frequently reported safety events. Fewer safety events were reported for IMI/REL across studies. These findings support the clinical use of IMI/REL and may inform Health Technology Assessment (HTA) decisions.

Background: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and therapeutic uncertainty, particularly in critically ill and immunocompromised patients. Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam (IMI/REL) combines the established carbapenem imipenem with cilastatin, a dehydropeptidase-I inhibitor, and relebactam, a diazabicyclooctane beta-lactamase inhibitor that restores imipenem activity against selected class A and class C beta-lactamase-mediated resistance mechanisms. Methods: A targeted narrative review was undertaken to identify and provide an overview of published observational studies and conference abstracts reporting clinical outcomes with IMI/REL in patients with confirmed or suspected MDR P. aeruginosa infection. Evidence was summarized descriptively, because the available studies were heterogeneous in design, infection site, patient severity, pathogen mix, susceptibility testing and outcome definitions. Results: Real-world IMI/REL data remain limited but are increasingly informative. IMI/REL was commonly used in high-risk patients, including those with pneumonia, bacteremia, intensive care admission, prior antimicrobial exposure, polymicrobial infection or limited alternative treatment options. Reported clinical success or clinical cure was observed in approximately 56–70.2% of patients, although interpretation is limited by non-comparative designs, small patient populations and mixed-pathogen populations. Thirty-day all-cause mortality varied widely, broadly reflecting baseline severity, infection site and salvage-therapy use. Emergence of IMI/REL non-susceptibility was variably reported, but some recent studies report high rates of treatment-emergent resistance; this requires caution and remains an important area for surveillance. Conclusions: IMI/REL appears to be a clinically useful option for susceptible MDR P. aeruginosa infections, particularly in patients with limited alternatives. Available real-world evidence should be interpreted cautiously, because most data derive from retrospective uncontrolled cohorts.