Background: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a transition between normal aging and dementia, is linked to higher dementia risk and potential reversibility. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), affecting over 537 million adults worldwide, increases susceptibility to MCI, with higher cognitive decline prevalence in diabetic populations. Previous meta-analyses focused on isolated factors, neglecting multidimensional interactions. This study synthesizes T2DM-MCI risk factors across clinical, lifestyle, and biochemical dimensions to support early identification and intervention of cognitive dysfunction in T2DM populations.Materials and Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis, following PRISMA guidelines, searched five databases for articles published from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2024. Studies were screened based on predefined criteria, with data extracted independently by two researchers. Quality was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools. Data were analyzed using RevMan software, with odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI as effect size measures. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and subgroup analyses were conducted for factors with ≥10 studies.Results: 30 studies with 10,469 participants were included. Prevalence rate of MCI in T2DM was 44.1%. Significant associations were found between T2DM-MCI and age (OR = 1.06, P = 0.01), female sex (OR = 1.23, P = 0.05), diabetes duration (OR = 1.07, P = 0.03), education (OR = 0.82, P = 0.0001), smoking (OR = 1.44, P = 0.003), hypertension (OR = 2.25, P < 0.001), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (OR = 2.61, P < 0.001), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (OR = 1.33, P = 0.001), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (OR = 1.95, P = 0.02).Conclusion: This meta-analysis identifies advanced age (≥60 years), female sex, prolonged Diabetes duration (8–9 years), elevated HbA1c (>9%), and low education (≤6 years) as key predictors of MCI in T2DM, with significant dose-response relationships. Vascular comorbidities, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers further exacerbate risks. Clinical priorities include rigorous glycemic control (HbA1c <7%), targeted cognitive screening for high-risk subgroups, and multidisciplinary care for patients with microvascular complications. However most of the studies included in this study come from Chinese people, so the generalization of the results may be limited.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD420250637336.

Exercise has been widely recognized as an effective regimen in mitigating cognitive decline. However, the effect of multi-component exercise (i.e., combination of two or more types of exercise) on cognitive function and its subdomains in older adults remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the effects of multi-component exercise on cognitive functions in elderly individuals with cognitive impairment and identify optimal prevention and treatment strategies. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and Embase to identify relevant randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of multi-component exercise on cognitive function in the elderly. Thirteen studies with 1,776 participants were included in the analysis using Revman 5.4 software. The results showed that multi-component exercise had a significant effect on mitigating cognitive function decline in the elderly, with a pooled effect size of SMD = 0.31 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.55; p = 0.009). The results of subgroup analysis showed that interventions with ≥3 days/week, 12–24 weeks duration, and ≤ 40 min/session were significantly superior to other frequencies, durations, and lengths, with all p-values <0.05. Additionally, multi-component exercise had the most pronounced effects on executive function, visual memory, and verbal memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In conclusion, multi-component exercise can delay the decline in cognitive function in the elderly, and the intervention effects are modulated by various variables. Optimal intervention effects were observed with an exercise frequency of three or more times per week, a duration of 12 to 24 weeks, and a time per session of 40 min or less, particularly for improving executive function, visual memory, and verbal memory in patients with MCI.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology, with disease progression driven by convergent mechanisms including neuroinflammation, mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and regulated cell-death programs such as ferroptosis. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) constitute a key signaling system in the central nervous system, influencing not only neuronal survival and glial states but also intersecting with networks governing redox homeostasis and iron metabolism. Accumulating evidence indicates that, beyond classical neurotrophic actions, FGF–FGFR signaling can modulate mitochondrial quality control, glial inflammatory activation, and lipid peroxidation-related processes, thereby reshaping cellular susceptibility to ferroptotic injury. This review summarizes current advances in understanding FGF signaling networks in Parkinson’s disease, synthesizes their potential mechanistic links to the interplay among neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and redox imbalance as well as to ferroptosis regulation, and discusses the experimental basis and translational challenges of targeting the FGF pathway as a disease-modifying therapeutic strategy.

Background: Falls are a major concern in geriatric health, and impairments in executive function (EF), gait, and postural control are important fall-related risk factors. Interactive motor-cognitive training (IMCT) has shown promise as an intervention to mitigate these risks. This study aims to assess the acute effects of IMCT programs with three levels of cognitive load (high, medium, and low) on EF, spatio-temporal gait parameters, and postural control in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: In this single-blind, parallel-group randomized controlled trial, 42 participants (58.1 ± 9.9 years) were randomly allocated to a low cognitive load group (LCG), medium cognitive load group (MCG), or high cognitive load group (HCG). Each group completed a 30-min IMCT session using the SpeedCourt system. EF, postural control, and single/dual-task gait performance were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: Multivariate analysis showed significant between-group differences in EF (Pillai V = 0.804, p = 0.015, η _p ² = 0.402) and gait performance (Pillai V = 1.201, p < 0.001, η _p ² = 0.601); no significant changes were observed in postural control (Pillai V = 0.543, p = 0.323, η _p ² = 0.271). The MCG showed greater improvement in Stroop neutral reaction time than the LCG and HCG, while 2-back accuracy improved relatively more in the LCG. The MCG also showed greater improvement in dual-task gait velocity, whereas the LCG showed a greater increase in correct responses during dual-task walking. Discriminant function analysis identified Stroop neutral reaction time, 2-back accuracy, gait velocity, and correct responses as the most sensitive variables. Conclusion: A single session of IMCT with different cognitive loads was associated with immediate changes in selected EF and dual-task gait outcomes in middle-aged and older adults. Moderate cognitive load appeared most favorable for processing-speed-related Stroop performance and dual-task gait velocity, whereas low cognitive load was associated with greater gains in dual-task correct responses.