There are significant safety risks associated with the construction and operation of wind turbines in goaf sites. Investigating the catastrophic mechanisms underlying wind turbine foundations is crucial for addressing these scientific challenges. This study employs the empirical formula method to quantitatively evaluate and analyze the stability of a goaf site. Additionally, the disaster mechanisms of wind turbine foundations in these areas are examined through similar model tests and numerical simulations. The findings indicate that the settlement deformation of the wind turbine foundation is closely related to the magnitude of the applied load. Upon completion of the loading, the maximum settlement of the foundation under rated and extreme wind speed conditions was recorded at 0.16 mm and 0.26 mm, respectively, while the maximum inclination angles were 0.04° and 0.18°, respectively. At the conclusion of the loading process, the soil pressure differences between the leeward and windward sides of the base were measured at 95.3 kPa and 139 kPa under rated and extreme wind speed conditions, respectively. This data suggests that extreme wind speeds significantly influence the distribution of base pressure, resulting in an increased uneven settlement of the foundation.