Five new polyketides, including two chromones (1–2), two phenyl derivatives (4–5), and a tandyukusin derivative (6), along with five known polyketides (3 and 7–10) were isolated from mangrove endophytic fungus Trichoderma lentiforme ML-P8-2. The planar structures of compounds were elucidated via detailed 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS analysis. ECD spectra, optical rotation values calculation, and alkali hydrolysis were applied in the determination of the absolute configuration of the new compounds. In bioassays, 6 and 9 exhibited promising antifungal activities against Penicillium italicum, with an MIC value of 6.25 μM for both compounds. Moreover, 3 displayed moderate AChE inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 20.6 ± 0.3 μM.

Eight new compounds, including two sambutoxin derivatives (1–2), two highly oxygenated cyclopentenones (7–8), four highly oxygenated cyclohexenones (9–12), together with four known sambutoxin derivatives (3–6), were isolated from semimangrove endophytic fungus Talaromyces sp. CY-3, under the guidance of molecular networking. The structures of new isolates were elucidated by analysis of detailed spectroscopic data, ECD spectra, chemical hydrolysis, ¹³C NMR calculation, and DP4+ analysis. In bioassays, compounds 1–5 displayed better α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the positive control 1-deoxynojirimycin (IC₅₀ = 80.8 ± 0.3 μM), and the IC₅₀ value was in the range of 12.6 ± 0.9 to 57.3 ± 1.3 μM.

Twelve compounds, including four undescribed cytochalasins, xylariachalasins A–D (1–4), four undescribed polyketides (5–8), and four known cytochalasins (9–12), were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Xylaria arbuscula QYF. Their structures and absolute configurations were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS), electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, ¹³C NMR calculation and DP4+ analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and the modified Mosher ester method. Compounds 1 and 2 are rare cytochalasin hydroperoxides. In bioactivity assays, Compound 2 exhibited moderate antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans with MIC values of 12.5 μM for both Compound 10 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-435 with an IC₅₀ value of 3.61 ± 1.60 μM.

Five new diterpenes including four diterpenes with 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octalin skeleton talaroacids A–D (1–4) and an isopimarane diterpenoid talaromarane A (5) were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Talaromyces sp. JNQQJ-4. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by analysis of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS), 1D/2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, quantum chemical calculation, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Talaromarane A (5) contains a rare 2-oxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan moiety in isopimarane diterpenoids. In bioassays, compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 displayed significant anti-inflammatory activities with the IC₅₀ value from 4.59 to 21.60 μM.

Cordyceps cicadae, a medicinal and edible entomopathogenic fungus, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various ailments. This study aimed to validate its ethnopharmacological uses by investigating bioactive constituents and their antithrombotic and antioxidant activities. Through various chromatographic separations, one unreported flavonoid; quercetin-3-O-β-D-methylglucopyranoside (1); three known flavonoids (2–4); and one new dicarboxylic acid derivative, cicadae acid (5), were isolated from C. cicadae. Their chemical structures were elucidated by a comprehensive spectroscopic analysis (1D/2D NMR and HRESIMS), electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, a DP4+ probability analysis, and the modified Mosher method. All compounds exhibited significant antithrombotic effects at a concentration of 20 μM in a zebrafish model. Compounds 1–4 exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 12.81 ± 3.42 to 20.16 ± 2.64 μM. These findings provide scientific evidence supporting the traditional application of C. cicadae, identifying specific flavonoids and dicarboxylic acids as potential therapeutic agents for thrombosis and oxidative stress-related disorders.