Ceriops decandra (CD) and Ceriops tagal (CT) are two traditionally used mangrove plants widely distributed along the coastal areas of South Asia, Africa, South Pacific. In this study, we evaluated the diuretic potential of aerial roots of CD, CT and assessed the effectiveness of the plants’ terpenoids enriched bioactive constituents against human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) enzyme through molecular docking. Firstly, the acute toxicity of CD and CT was evaluated in mice. In vivo diuretic activity was then studied in mice and the volume of excreted urine was measured. The urine was further examined for pH, density and Na+, K+, Cl− concentrations. From this, the saluretic, natriuretic, kaliuretic and CAI (carbonic anhydrase inhibitory) activities were calculated. Finally, total terpenoid contents (TTC) of the plant extracts were quantified and the terpenoids previously reported from both CD and CT were docked against four hCA isoforms - hCAII, hCAIV, hCAXII and hCAXIV. In the acute toxicity assessment, no sign of toxicity was found. In diuretic activity evaluation, both extracts displayed substantial increase in urine volume, with CD being at top. Concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl− were also upsurged at a high dose of treatment (500 mg/kg). Both extracts at 500 mg/kg dose demonstrated potent saluretic, natriuretic and CAI activity. The TTC of CD was significantly higher than CT. In molecular docking analysis, greater binding affinity against hCA isoforms was demonstrated by the terpenoids reported from CD. Aerial roots of both CD and CT possess substantial diuretic activity with an inhibitory effect on CA. Here, diuretic potential as well as the total terpenoid content of CD were much greater between the two.

The aim of this research was to examine possible antioxidant, cytotoxic and neurological activity of methanol and n-hexane extracts of Bixa orellana leaves. Additionally, we aimed to identify potential lead compounds through in-silico analysis. In-vitro antioxidative properties were investigated through different assays, including: total phenolic content assay (TPC), total flavonoid content assay (TFC), DPPH free radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay. Also, the cytotoxic effect of the samples was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality test. In addition, anxiolytic, locomotor, and CNS depressant activities were assessed utilizing various established methods. Moreover, reported compounds were used in the in silico study to explore the best-fit phytoconstituents against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA_A) receptor. MBOL displayed substantial antioxidative activities in various established assays compared to NBOL. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, both MBOL and NBOL revealed cytotoxic activity in a concentration-dependent approach. Again, in Elevated Plus Maze test, 200 and 400 mg/kg of NBOL and MBOL demonstrated significant anxiolytic activities evident from time spent in open arms. In addition, maximum number of head dipping was demonstrated by MBOL at 400 mg/kg (53.90 ± 1.16) in Hole Board test. NBOL and MBOL at both doses significantly diminished the magnitude of movements from the 2nd to 5th observation periods in Open Field test. Furthermore, in Hole Cross test, MBOL remarkably dwindled the locomotor activity at 120 min and 180 min (3.60 ± 0.40 and 2.40 ± 0.51) at 400 mg/kg. Finally, in silico analysis revealed 13 compounds as promising leads with strong binding affinity to GABA_A receptor along with good pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles. Therefore, the present study's findings advocate the traditional usage of this plant and recommend both MBOL and NBOL as as a potential source of therapeutic candidate for the management of neurological disorders.

Hoya parasitica (Wall.) is extensively used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases including rheumatism, kidney problems, jaundice, urinary tract disorders, fever, and pain. The present study was designed to explore new lead compound(s) to alleviate pain, pyresis, and diarrhea from methanol, ethyl acetate, and n‐hexane extracts of H. parasitica (Wall.) leaves (MHP, EAHP, and NHP, respectively). Analgesic activity of the extracts was assessed through acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion, and hot plate tests while brewer’s yeast‐induced pyrexia test was employed for the assessment of antipyretic activity. Besides, castor oil and magnesium sulfate induced diarrheal tests were utilized for the evaluation of antidiarrheal properties. Moreover, in silico study of the isolated compounds was undertaken to seek out best‐fit phytoconstituent(s) against cyclooxygenase enzymes. MHP revealed substantial antioxidant activities in different in vitro assays compared to EAHP and NHP. In the acetic acid‐induced writhing test, among the extracts, MHP (400 mg/kg) revealed maximum 74.15 ± 1% inhibition of writhing comparable to that of standard (85.77 ± 1.39%). Again, in tail immersion and hot plate tests, higher doses of all the test samples exhibited a significant increase of latent period in a time‐dependent manner. In brewer yeast‐induced pyrexia test, at 3^rd and 4^th hour of treatment, significant (P < 0.05) antipyretic action was found in the test samples. In both castor oil and magnesium induced diarrheal tests, MHP at 400 mg/kg showed the highest percent inhibition of diarrhea (68.62 ± 4.74 and 64.99 ± 2.90, respectively). Moreover, molecular docking analysis corroborated the results of the present study. The findings of the present study supported the traditional uses of this plant for the alleviation of pain and fever. Furthermore, hoyasterone was found to be the most effective lead compound as cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitor.

The present research aimed to synthesize ketoprofen prodrugs and to demonstrate their potentiality for oral treatment to treat chronic inflammation by reducing its hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal irritation. Methyl 2-(3-benzoyl phenyl) propanoate, ethyl 2-(3-benzoyl phenyl) propanoate and propyl 2-(3-benzoyl phenyl) propanoate was synthesized by esterification and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹HNMR) and infrared (IR) spectrometric analysis. In silico SwissADME and ProTox-II analysis stated methyl derivative as ideal candidate for oral absorption, having a >30-fold LD50 value compared to ketoprofen with no hepatotoxicity. Moreover, in vivo hepatotoxicity study demonstrates that these ester prodrugs have significantly lower effects on liver toxicity compared to pure ketoprofen. Furthermore, ex vivo intestinal permeation enhancement ratio was statistically significant (* p < 0.05) compared to ketoprofen. Likewise, the prodrugs were found to exhibit not only remarkable in vitro anti-proteolytic and lysosomal membrane stabilization potentials, but also significant efficiency to alleviate pain induced by inflammation, as well as central and peripheral stimulus in mice model in vivo. These outcomes recommend that ketoprofen ester prodrugs, especially methyl derivative, can be a cost-effective candidate for prolonged treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been associated with a wide range of neurological complications, among which persistent cognitive impairment and memory deficits are increasingly recognized as key symptoms of the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC or long COVID). Although clinical and epidemiological studies have documented these symptoms across diverse patient populations, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Growing evidence from human studies, neuropathological analyses, and experimental models indicates that neuroimmune and inflammatory processes plays a central role in COVID-19-associated cognitive dysfunction. As the brain’s resident immune cells, microglia are vital for synaptic health, neuroplasticity, and memory, yet these processes may be compromised after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Systemic inflammation, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, endothelial injury, and cytokine signaling can induce sustained microglial activation and priming, leading to inflammasome activation, complement-mediated synaptic remodeling, oxidative stress, and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. These processes collectively disrupt neural circuits involved in learning and memory and may underlie the persistent “brain fog” reported by COVID-19 survivors. This review synthesizes clinical, biomarker, neuroimaging, and mechanistic evidence linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and memory impairment. In contrast to prior reviews that broadly describe neuroinflammation in COVID-19, we integrate multidimensional evidence into a microglia-centric immunovascular framework that highlights converging pathogenic pathways underlying cognitive symptoms. We further discuss emerging biomarkers of glial activation and evaluate current and prospective therapeutic strategies targeting microglial and neuroimmune pathways. Understanding the role of microglial dysregulation in post-COVID cognitive impairment may facilitate the development of targeted interventions to mitigate long-term neurological consequences of COVID-19.

Present studies emphasize the pharmacological, toxicological, and molecular simulation studies of the potent phytoconstituents in the Sanchezia nobilis leaf extract (SNE) and its nonpolar and polar fractions. We identified 27 phytoconstituents in SNE using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS), where aniline, dibutyl phthalate, and isoquinoline are noteworthy. Anxiolytic assessments by hole board test (HBT) and elevated plus maze test (EPMT) demonstrated dose‐dependent effects of nonpolar and polar fractions of SNE. Both fractions also exhibited minimal cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality test. SNE crude extract demonstrated good antioxidant properties. In silico analysis revealed promising binding affinities of aniline and isoquinoline with target protein molecules responsible for anxiolytic and antidepressive effects. Molecular dynamics (MD) modelling and quantitative chemical‐based DFT approaches confirmed satisfactory pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicity profiles for the selected medications. HOMO‐LUMO analysis highlighted the remarkable features of the chosen components. MD studies also supported aniline and isoquinoline as potential candidates requiring further pharmacological validation due to their interactions with chimeric alpha1GABA _A receptor proteins. Our data provided promising drug‐like phytoconstituents in the S. nobilis leaf offering future drug discovery in mental health treatment.