During laser processing, optimizing the cutting performance by adjusting the angle or off-axis displacement between the auxiliary gas flow and the laser beam is an effective approach to improving processing quality and efficiency. However, traditional electromechanical actuators suffer from inherent limitations in compactness and multi-degree-of-freedom cooperative control, which restrict their applicability in high-speed and high-precision laser cutting systems. To address these limitations, this paper presents a five-degree-of-freedom magnetic levitation actuator for laser cutting lens control and proposes a multi-degree-of-freedom cooperative control strategy based on backstepping control (BC) to cope with the system’s strong coupling, nonlinearity, and model uncertainty. First, a dynamic model of the actuator system is established, and a corresponding BC is designed. Subsequently, a centralized control framework is developed, and comparative simulations and experiments are carried out between the proposed BC and a conventional PID controller. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BC method outperforms the PID controller in terms of multi-degree-of-freedom cooperative control capability and dynamic response, thereby significantly enhancing the overall control performance of the system.