Background/Objective: Breast cancer (BC) management has traditionally relied on static clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical biomarkers (hormone receptor status, HER2 expression, and proliferative activity assessed at diagnosis). However, these biomarkers are typically evaluated at a single time point and may not reflect therapy-induced molecular evolution. This study evaluates whether longitudinal molecular profiling before and after treatment better characterizes tumor dynamics and provides clinically actionable insights into treatment response, resistance, and prognosis. Methods: Thirty-two patients with invasive breast carcinoma were analyzed using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, tissue-based next-generation sequencing, and plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis. Paired tumor tissue and plasma samples were collected before and after treatment when available. Changes in biomarker expression, molecular subtype, and genomic alterations were assessed to characterize molecular plasticity under therapeutic pressure. Results: The cohort had a median age of 54 years (range 29–86), predominantly invasive ductal carcinoma (>85%), and high-grade disease. Hormone receptor-positive tumors accounted for 78.1%. Molecular subtypes were Luminal A (34.4%), Luminal B HER2− (40.6%), Luminal B HER2+ (6.3%), HER2-enriched (6.3%), and triple-negative breast cancer (12.5%). Initial tissue sequencing identified PI3K/AKT pathway alterations in 28.1% of cases. Post-treatment analyses revealed substantial molecular discordance, including progesterone receptor loss (33.3%), HER2 status changes (33.3%), and Ki67 variability (77.8%). Plasma ctDNA analysis was informative in 53.1% of patients and identified additional clinically relevant alterations, including FGFR1 amplification and BRCA1/2 variants not detected in tissue. Conclusions: BC molecular profiles are dynamic and frequently altered by therapy. Longitudinal molecular assessment reveals clinically actionable changes overlooked by static subtyping, supporting a dynamic model of molecular classification, highlighting the potential value of adaptive molecular subtyping to improve treatment stratification and resistance monitoring.

Backgound/Objective: Breast cancer (BC) management has traditionally relied on static clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical biomarkers (hormone receptor status, HER2 expression, and proliferative activity assessed at diagnosis. However, these biomarkers are typically evaluated at a single time point and may not reflect therapy-induced mo-lecular evolution. This study evaluates whether longitudinal molecular profiling before and after treatment better characterizes tumor dynamics and provides clinically ac-tionable insights into treatment response, resistance, and prognosis. Methods: Thirty-two patients with invasive breast carcinoma were analyzed using his-topathology, immunohistochemistry, tissue-based next-generation sequencing, and plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis. Paired tumor tissue and plasma sam-ples were collected before and after treatment when available. Changes in biomarker expression, molecular subtype, and genomic alterations were assessed to characterize molecular plasticity under therapeutic pressure. Results: The cohort had a median age of 54 years (range 29–86), predominantly invasive ductal carcinoma (>85%) and high-grade disease. Hormone receptor–positive tumors accounted for 78.1%. Molecular subtypes were Luminal A (34.4%), Luminal B HER2− (40.6%), Luminal B HER2+ (6.3%), HER2-enriched (6.3%), and triple-negative breast cancer (12.5%). Initial tissue sequencing identified PI3K/AKT pathway alterations in 28.1% of cases. Post-treatment analyses revealed substantial molecular discordance, including progesterone receptor loss (33.3%), HER2 status changes (33.3%), and Ki67 variability (77.8%). Plasma ctDNA analysis was informative in 53.1% of patients and identified additional clinically relevant alterations, including FGFR1 amplification and BRCA1/2 variants not detected in tissue. Conclusion: BC molecular profiles are dynamic and frequently altered by therapy. Longitudinal molecular assessment reveals clinically actionable changes overlooked by static subtyping, supporting a dynamic model of molecular classification, highlighting the potential value of adaptive molecular subtyping to improve treatment stratification and resistance monitoring.

The gut microbiome has emerged as a potentially modifiable host factor that may influence the efficacy and toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This perspective chapter reviews the evidence linking microbial composition and function with immunotherapy outcomes, examines the mechanisms involving immune activation, inflammatory signaling, epithelial integrity, and microbiome-derived metabolites, and considers the methodological and clinical barriers to biomarker development. Across studies, response-associated communities commonly include Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae, and Bifidobacterium; however, the reproducibility of individual taxa is limited by cohort, geographic, dietary, sampling, sequencing, and bioinformatic heterogeneities. Antibiotic exposure around treatment initiation is consistently associated with poorer outcomes, whereas dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and live biotherapeutic products remain under investigation. Early interventional studies support biological modifiability but do not justify routine microbiome-guided treatment selection. Therefore, the microbiome is best regarded as a complementary, context-dependent biomarker rather than a standalone predictor. Future progress depends on standardized sampling and analysis, external validation, longitudinal multi-omic profiling, and prospective biomarker-stratified trials designed to distinguish predictive effects from treatment-related confounding factors.