Variations in terrestrial carbon flux influence atmospheric CO₂ exchange and related climate feedback, with Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) serving as a key metric for assessing ecosystem carbon source–sink dynamics. Given the vital ecological barrier function of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), understanding the spatiotemporal variability of NEP and its climatic controls is essential for elucidating carbon sink and climate interactions under ongoing climate change. The spatiotemporal dynamics of NEP across the TP from 1979 to 2018 are investigated using the process-based Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM5.0). And climate sensitivity experiments are conducted to quantify the relative contributions of different climate factors to NEP variability. Furthermore, future changes in NEP for the period 2025–2100 under multiple Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios are projected. The results indicate that the TP functioned predominantly as a net carbon sink during the historical period, with a multi-year mean NEP of 23.96 g C m² yr⁻¹. Spatially, NEP showed a significantly increasing gradient from the northwest to the southeast. During 1979–2018, NEP exhibited an overall decreasing trend across most regions of the TP. Air temperature was identified as the dominant controlling factor, accounting for approximately 68% of the interannual NEP variability, followed by solar radiation (21%) and precipitation (11%). The dominant climatic drivers of NEP variation differ among regions: air temperature predominates in the southwestern and southeastern regions, radiation dominates in the northwestern and central areas, and precipitation exerts a controlling effect in the northern and western regions. Future projections suggest that NEP remains positive under all SSP scenarios, indicating that the TP is likely to persist as a carbon sink throughout the 21st century. This study provides important reference for the development of ecological protection, restoration planning, and regional carbon neutrality strategies.

The Source Region of the Yellow River (YRSR) is a key ecological barrier and a major water supply area, where water conservation is highly sensitive to ongoing climate change (CC) and land use/cover change (LUCC). However, the relative roles of CC and LUCC in regulating water conservation remain insufficiently quantified. In this study, we applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of water conservation in the YRSR and to disentangle the respective contributions of CC and LUCC using a fixing–changing approach, in which one driver is fixed and the other is varied across paired scenarios, followed by projections driven by CMIP6 forcing under SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5. Water conservation showed a pronounced southeast–northwest contrast and increased over 2000–2019 (+4.56 mm/year). Attribution analysis revealed that CC dominated changes in water conservation, whereas LUCC exerted a weak net negative influence. Most increasing regions were precipitation-driven, whereas declining regions were concentrated where evapotranspiration and surface runoff increased concurrently. Under SSP2–4.5, water conservation is projected to continue increasing (+1.16 mm/year). In contrast, under SSP5–8.5, water conservation is projected to slightly decline (−0.26 mm/year). These findings highlight the primary role of climate in regulating water conservation in the YRSR and provide scientific support for adaptive watershed management under a changing climate.