The article gives a geobotanical description and a floristic analysis of communities with the participation of the rare and relict species Alnus glutinosa in condition of Aktobe region. The aim of the study is to provide a geobotanical assessment of the current status of a rare, relict species of the Alnus glutinosa population, which was included in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan. At present, the flora of the Aktobe region is not sufficiently studied. Conservation of the biodiversity of the Aktobe region flora is one of the most topical issues. In Aktobe region, due to the lack of grazing, felling of trees, using as fuel and the emergence of uncontrolled tourism and at the same time due to the lack of natural renewal of the area, these consequences lead to a quantitative reduction in the species. In this regard, it is necessary to study the species and organize protection and conservation measures. The results of the study showed that the plant Alnus glutinosa is rarely found in the flora of Kazakhstan and also the distribution areas are reduced. Of the three investigated points, plants from 24 families were identified. Plant communities of Alnus glutinosa are being studied for the first time in the Aktobe region. For the first time in the conditions of the Aktobe region, the habitat of black alder was discovered. The floral composition of plant communities of Alnus glutinosa grown in various ecological environments was revealed, the ratio of life forms and phytocenotic features were studied for the first time. In addition, alder felt mite and ground bug, damaging black alder, were identified from 3 studied populations. It has been established that the main reason for the spread of this pest is a very strong moistening of the ground on which sticky Alder grows. Results sequencing showed that the DNA sample under study belongs to the fungus Alternaria alternata.

Ferula foetida is a traditional medicinal herb, and its roots contain various bioactive components. In this study, dried roots of Ferula foetida were used as raw material. The total extract (4.4 g from 80 g of raw material) was obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction with 96% ethanol, followed by concentration using rotary evaporation. After dispersing the total extract in an aqueous phase, liquid-liquid extraction with petroleum ether (PE) and dichloromethane (DCM) was performed to yield the PE (1.46 g) and DCM (0.19 g) fractions. These fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (GC-MS) and the results evaluated 32 compounds in PE fraction and 79 components in DCM fraction. This study preliminarily established a sequential extraction method for organic compounds from the roots of this herb, laying a foundation for the subsequent separation, purification, and structural identification of chemical constituents in fractions of different polarities. Preliminary analysis indicates that the PE and DCM fractions are mainly enriched in low-polarity components, which can be further identified by techniques such as HPLC, LC-MS, and NMR.

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. has extensive use in traditional medicine and diverse biological activities due to its rich phytochemical profile. In this study, firstly, the physicochemical characteristics of the plant material were evaluated, revealing a high content of extractive substances (17.684%), followed by ash (6.740%) and moisture (5.000%). Among the bioactive constituents, tannins were the most abundant (7.439%). Analysis of macroelements in the plant ash showed K (11.4330 mg/g) as the predominant element, followed by Mg (97.13 mg/g), Ca (75.30 mg/g), and Na (72.41 mg/g). Trace element analysis indicated Fe (1.2266 mg/g) as the most abundant microelement, with Zn (0.8870 mg/g) and Mn (0.8141 mg/g) present in comparable amounts. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the ethanolic leaf extract characterized volatile and semi-volatile constituents of 43 phytochemical components, where vitamin E was the predominant compound (20.52%), followed by phytol (12.46%) and squalene (10.29%). Further high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed the presumed presence of naringin (56.421 mg/L), followed by epicatechin (15.123 mg/L), catechin (12.485 mg/L), and phloridzin (11.800 mg/L), while gallic acid was detected at a comparatively lower concentration (0.402 mg/L). The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous leaf extract was evaluated against typical Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella abony, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. To evaluate the effect of compositional changes on antimicrobial activity, the fermented and non-fermented formulations of A. glutinosa leaf extracts were prepared. These results demonstrate measurable antibacterial effects, thereby confirming the ethnopharmacological significance of A. glutinosa and highlighting its potential as a source of natural antimicrobial agents for further pharmacological development.