Drought stress is a significant environmental variable affecting wheat growth and development. Plant stress tolerance is intimately related to growth regulators of plants as polyamines. The study assessed the impact of drought (50% water irrigation and 100% water irrigation), priming of grains in putrescine (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM), and their interactions on the growth, yield, and physiological attributes of wheat plants. Drought conditions declined plant height, fresh and dry weights, leaves and tillers numbers, and flag leaf area. However, applying putrescine, especially at (1 mM), enhanced wheat growth performance in normal or water-deficit conditions. Drought stress decreased spike length (28.6%), number of spikelets (15.6%), number of grains (30.3%), the weight of the spike (23.5%), and the weight of the grains/spike (37.5%). In addition, drought decreased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, free amino acids, and total phenols, while applying putrescine enhanced wheat plant growth performance in normal or drought conditions. Putrescine at (1 mM) achieved the highest increase in plant height (38.8%), root length (50%), leaves number (166%), tillers number (80%), flag leaf area (70.3%), shoot fresh weight (99.4%), shoot dry weight (98.4%), root fresh weight (97.8%), root dry weight (210%) compared to the untreated plants. Moreover, pretreatment with putrescine improved chlorophyll a (13.3%), chlorophyll b (70.3%), carotenoids (61.8%), soluble sugars (49.1%), amino acids (42.7%), phenols (52.4%), number of spikelets (59.3%), number of grains (81.1%), and weight of spike (45.4%). Moreover, variations in the protein profile of wheat plants were due to drought conditions and putrescine application. In conclusion, priming wheat grains with putrescine effectively induces protective mechanisms against water stress and improves wheat plants’ physiological attributes and yield components.

Capparis cartilaginea is an important medicinal and industrial plant with various bioactivities compound, C. cartilaginea which is difficult to propagate in normal conditions. For establishment and multiplication, MS mediumtreated with crude extract of Spirulina platensis as a source of phytohormones was achieved. Growth parameters of calli revealed that the greatest shoot length (4.08 ± 0.86) and leaf number per shootlet (8.40 ± 1.14) on MS medium supplemented with 4mg/L of algal extract. The phenolic content was measured by the Folin–Ciocalteau method. Results of this study showed that application of crude extract Spirulina platensis at 4mg/L significantly increased the content of phenolic compounds in C. cartilaginea (1.01 mg/g dry mass).HPLC analysis of phytohormones of methanol extract of S. platensis recorded the contents of gibberellins, kinetin and adenine as 241.6, 150.2 and 140.6 ppm respectively.

In the present study, some important pharmaceutical compounds in flaxseed plant have been done via biotechnology techniques. the seeds of Linum usitatissimum were surface sterilized germinated for one week on hormone-free MS culture media for 10 days. Cotyledonary leaves, hypocotyls segments (1 cm) and rootlets segments (1 cm) of the obtained sprouts were used as explants for callus induction on MS supplemented with BA (benzyladenine) and NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid). Maximum callus fresh weight was recorded in from rootlets explants and reached up to 3.72 gram in response to the treatment with 0.5 mg/l BA plus 0.25 mg/l NAA after 4 weeks of treatment. The highest callus fresh weight from cotyledonary leaves and hypocotyls segments were recorded in response to the treatment with 0.75 mg/l BA plus 0. 5 mg/l NAA and 0. 5 mg/l BA and NAA, respectively. The results obtained have revealed many differences between the resulted calli with respect to pharmacopeial constants and secondary metabolites determined (Phenolics, glycosides, flavonoids and saponins). Methanolic extracts of calli obtained from different explants exhibited antibacterial activity against both the Gram-positive and Gram-negative tested pathogenic bacterial strains. The maximum inhibition zone (26 mm) was obtained in response to the treatment of staphylococcus aureus with extract of callus obtained from cotyledonary leaf explants. This study may indicate that the callus of L. usitatissimum can be adopted in the future as a source of valuable metabolites.

Microalgae are photosynthetic organisms that described as an abundant source of numerous bio compounds of commercial value, and using this green treasure as a vital alternative to expensive synthetic hormones via biotechnological technique is the main goal of research. Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with crude extract of Microcystis aeruginosa and Haematococcus pluvialis, separately was used to study its effect on Cynanchum acutum L., which is an important wild medicinal plant. Results revealed that all growth parameters have been affected where, the greatest shoot length (5.90 ± 0.45) has been reached with 4 mg /L of Microcystis aeruginosa extract, while the highest shoot number (7.50 ± 0.30) and leaf number (16.0 ± 0.59) were with 12 mg /L of Microcystis aeruginosa. extract, Conversely, the maximum shoot length (12.5 ± 0.44) has been reached with 2 mg/L of Haematococcus pluvialis extract, while highest shoot number (6.00 ± 0.36) and leaf number per shootlet (22.0 ± 0.92) were with 5 mg/L of Haematococcus pluvialis extract. Biochemical analysis for algae and plant extracts conducted using HPLC which proved the presence of phytohormones (zeatin, gibberellin, and kinetin) in algal extracts and nineteen important phenolic and flavonoid substances in plant extracts. The novelty of this study is to use algae as a natural source of growth regulators to achieve an economic benefit in addition to propagate Cynanchum acutum L. and increase its important pharmaceutical products.