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Sreeraj Gopi
R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd, Cochin, India

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Articles
Published: 06 October 2020 in Journal of Liposome Research
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The aim of present study was to evaluate the oral bioavailability of liposomal vitamin C and non-liposomal vitamin C in healthy, adult, human subjects under fasting conditions through an open label, randomized, single dose, two-treatment, two sequence, two-period, two way crossover, study. The vitamin C loaded liposome was well characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements for evaluating morphology, particle size and stabilities, respectively. Microscopic image shows the core type structure which confirms the characteristic pattern of liposome. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and the particle size were 65.85 ± 1.84% and below 100 nm respectively. The results of the clinical studies of liposomal vitamin C by oral delivery to be 1.77 times more bioavailable than non-liposomal vitamin C. The Liposomal Vitamin C demonstrated higher values of Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ related to non-liposomal Vitamin C due to liposomal encapsulation. No adverse events were reported. It could be concluded that, liposomal encapsulated ascorbic acid (vitamin c) shows well organized morphological pattern, uniform particle size and highly efficient which leads to have enhanced bioavailability.

ACS Style

Sreerag Gopi; Preetha Balakrishnan. Evaluation and clinical comparison studies on liposomal and non-liposomal ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their enhanced bioavailability. Journal of Liposome Research 2020, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Sreerag Gopi, Preetha Balakrishnan. Evaluation and clinical comparison studies on liposomal and non-liposomal ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their enhanced bioavailability. Journal of Liposome Research. 2020; ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sreerag Gopi; Preetha Balakrishnan. 2020. "Evaluation and clinical comparison studies on liposomal and non-liposomal ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their enhanced bioavailability." Journal of Liposome Research , no. : 1-9.

Original research
Published: 29 September 2020 in Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials
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Essential oils (EOs), black pepper essential oil (BPEO), and ginger essential oil (GEO) exhibit excellent antimicrobial, antioxidant, nutritional, and biomedical properties; however, poor aqueous solubility and instability of their constituents reduced the retention of these properties for the longer time. In this study, biocomposite films based on the chitosan- (CS), gum arabic– (GA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG)–incorporated BPEO and GEO were fabricated by solvent casting method to overcome the limitations and the sensitivity of the EOs. The interaction of the EOs with composite matrix was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed with the determination of swelling degree, water solubility, volatile mass fraction, and mechanical properties. The BPEO-CS/GA/PEG film showed rough surface with coarseness nature due to the migration of BPEO towards CS/GA/PEG surface; likewise, GEO-CS/GA/PEG appeared rough surface whereas showed more cavities with entrapment of GEO droplets. The BPEO- and GEO-incorporated CS/GA/PEG films showed great mechanical strength and flexibility with high thermal stability. The BPEO- and GEO-incorporated CS/GA/PEG films showed high antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. The obtained results have demonstrated that both BPEO- and GEO-incorporated CS/GA/PEG films are promising alternatives to food packaging and wound dressing materials. Graphical abstract

ACS Style

Augustine Amalraj; K. K. Jithin Raj; Józef T. Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas; Sreeraj Gopi. Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitosan/gum arabic/polyethylene glycol composite films incorporated with black pepper essential oil and ginger essential oil as potential packaging and wound dressing materials. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 2020, 3, 485 -497.

AMA Style

Augustine Amalraj, K. K. Jithin Raj, Józef T. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas, Sreeraj Gopi. Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitosan/gum arabic/polyethylene glycol composite films incorporated with black pepper essential oil and ginger essential oil as potential packaging and wound dressing materials. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials. 2020; 3 (4):485-497.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Augustine Amalraj; K. K. Jithin Raj; Józef T. Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas; Sreeraj Gopi. 2020. "Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitosan/gum arabic/polyethylene glycol composite films incorporated with black pepper essential oil and ginger essential oil as potential packaging and wound dressing materials." Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 3, no. 4: 485-497.

Original research
Published: 06 July 2020 in Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine
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Bacopa monnieri Linn. (B. monnieri) is a medicinal herb that has been utilized as a traditional medicine to improve memory and learning. Bacosides, the important components of B. monnieri, are used in Ayurvedic herbal formulation to improve cognitive and neuroprotective action and as therapeutics for the management of many central nervous disorders. A novel bioavailable bacoside formulation, Cognique®, was prepared through the preservation of bacosides with complete multiple natural matrix including gingerols and rosemary extracts containing rosemary essential oil, rosmarinic acid, and carnosic acid using Polar-Nonpolar-Sandwich (PNS) technology. The successful PNS formulation of Cognique® was confirmed by different instrumental methods. The SEM images clearly indicated that Cognique® was almost well dispersed and has hollow core nest-like spherical structure with porous nature and rough surface due to the interaction between the polar-bacosides-nonpolar matrixes. IR, XRD, and DSC studies also confirmed the existence of bacosides in Cognique® with high stability due to the PNS formulation. The stability and in vitro drug release studies revealed that the PNS technology is an advanced technology to preserve the bioactive components, particularly bacosides, and they are capable of maintaining the sustained release of bacosides at target sites. The existence of synergistic effects of bacosides, extracts of rosemary, and gingerols in Cognique® can be utilized as a natural nutritional supplement for supporting neuroprotective effect and cognition improvement through maintenance of gut-brain axis. This study demonstrated a novel bioavailable bacoside formulation—Cognique®—through the preservation of bacosides with multiple natural matrix. Future study will investigate the efficacy, safety, and improvement of normal cognitive function in human volunteers. Preparation of a unique bioavailable bacoside formulation (Cognique®) using Polar-Nonpolar-Sandwich (PNS) technology and its characterization, in vitro study, and proposed mechanism of action

ACS Style

Augustine Amalraj; Nimisha Pulikkal Sukumaran; Akhila Nair; Sreeraj Gopi. Preparation of a Unique Bioavailable Bacoside Formulation (Cognique®) Using Polar-Nonpolar-Sandwich (PNS) Technology and Its Characterization, In Vitro Release Study, and Proposed Mechanism of Action. Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine 2020, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Augustine Amalraj, Nimisha Pulikkal Sukumaran, Akhila Nair, Sreeraj Gopi. Preparation of a Unique Bioavailable Bacoside Formulation (Cognique®) Using Polar-Nonpolar-Sandwich (PNS) Technology and Its Characterization, In Vitro Release Study, and Proposed Mechanism of Action. Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine. 2020; ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Augustine Amalraj; Nimisha Pulikkal Sukumaran; Akhila Nair; Sreeraj Gopi. 2020. "Preparation of a Unique Bioavailable Bacoside Formulation (Cognique®) Using Polar-Nonpolar-Sandwich (PNS) Technology and Its Characterization, In Vitro Release Study, and Proposed Mechanism of Action." Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine , no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in Journal of Medicinal Food
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Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a multifactorial progression related to muscle pain, swelling, stiffness, tenderness, altered joint kinematics, muscle fiber disruption, decreased strength and power, and acute tissue damage. Curcumin, a natural phytonutrient, could manage DOMS induced by eccentric continuous exercise due to its wide range of biological activities. This study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study to assess the efficacy of Cureit™—a bioavailable form of curcumin that may decrease damage from inflammation and oxidative stress associated with severe muscle damage induced by continuous eccentric exercise. The results of the study showed that oral consumption of Cureit significantly reduced DOMS, slightly reduced creatinine kinase concentrations, and slightly increased VO2 max value compared with placebo, and found safe for administration. The consumption of Cureit led to improved recovery and reduction of DOMS without any side effects due to the enhancement of bioavailable form of curcumin.

ACS Style

Augustine Amalraj; Chandradhara Divya; Sreeraj Gopi. The Effects of Bioavailable Curcumin (Cureit) on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Induced By Eccentric Continuous Exercise: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study. Journal of Medicinal Food 2020, 23, 545 -553.

AMA Style

Augustine Amalraj, Chandradhara Divya, Sreeraj Gopi. The Effects of Bioavailable Curcumin (Cureit) on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Induced By Eccentric Continuous Exercise: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2020; 23 (5):545-553.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Augustine Amalraj; Chandradhara Divya; Sreeraj Gopi. 2020. "The Effects of Bioavailable Curcumin (Cureit) on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Induced By Eccentric Continuous Exercise: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study." Journal of Medicinal Food 23, no. 5: 545-553.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2020 in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
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Natural materials have attracted increasing attention in wound dressing and food packaging process, which could overcome the serious environmental issues caused by conventional synthetic materials. Essential oils (EOs) such as black pepper essential oil (BPEO) and ginger essential oil (GEO) have extensively been reported for their nutritional and biomedical properties. In this study, biocomposite films based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gum arabic (GA) and chitosan (CS) incorporated with BPEO and GEO were fabricated by solvent casting method. FTIR, XRD, SEM and DSC were performed with mechanical and antimicrobial properties of PVA/GA/CS films with and without BPEO and GEO. The BPEO-PVA/GA/CS film showed heterogeneous rough surface with cavities containing entrapment of BPEO droplets, whereas, the GEO-PVA/GA/CS film showed heterogeneous rough surface with coarseness due to the incorporation of respective EOs. The BPEO and GEO incorporated PVA/GA/CS films were considerable resistant to breakage and flexible with improved heat stability. The BPEO and GEO incorporated PVA/GA/CS films were significantly inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The obtained results have demonstrated that both BPEO and GEO incorporated PVA/GA/CS films are promising alternatives to wound dressing and food packaging materials.

ACS Style

Augustine Amalraj; Józef Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas; Sreeraj Gopi. Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of polyvinyl alcohol/gum arabic/chitosan composite films incorporated with black pepper essential oil and ginger essential oil. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2020, 151, 366 -375.

AMA Style

Augustine Amalraj, Józef Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas, Sreeraj Gopi. Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of polyvinyl alcohol/gum arabic/chitosan composite films incorporated with black pepper essential oil and ginger essential oil. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 151 ():366-375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Augustine Amalraj; Józef Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas; Sreeraj Gopi. 2020. "Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of polyvinyl alcohol/gum arabic/chitosan composite films incorporated with black pepper essential oil and ginger essential oil." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 151, no. : 366-375.

Journal article
Published: 12 October 2019 in Materials Today Communications
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Bionanocomposites prepared from green sources are a promising research area and cellulose nanofibers obtained from agro-waste of ginger rhizomes and their different composites with starch, chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have exhibited enormous mechanical as well as antimicrobial properties. This paper reports the synthesis of magnetic ginger nanofiber (M-GNF) reinforced composite films with CS, PVA and potato starch (PS) by Fe3O4 nanoparticles by in-situ co-precipitation method. These magnetic composite films were prepared by simple casting method and the magnetic properties were analysed by magnetic susceptibility measurements using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), surface morphology and structural analysis were analysed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The magnetic composites incorporated with GNF were thermally stable, mechanically strong, insoluble in water and easily removable from water by external magnetic field. These magnetic composites were explored as an adsorbent for removing copper (II) ions from aqueous solution and the M-GNF-CS composite exhibited highest effective removal performance for Cu (II) than the others.

ACS Style

Joby Jacob; Gregary Peter; Sabu Thomas; Józef T. Haponiuk; Sreeraj Gopi. In-situ synthesis and characterization of biocompatible magnetic ginger nanofiber composites for copper (II) removal from water. Materials Today Communications 2019, 21, 100690 .

AMA Style

Joby Jacob, Gregary Peter, Sabu Thomas, Józef T. Haponiuk, Sreeraj Gopi. In-situ synthesis and characterization of biocompatible magnetic ginger nanofiber composites for copper (II) removal from water. Materials Today Communications. 2019; 21 ():100690.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joby Jacob; Gregary Peter; Sabu Thomas; Józef T. Haponiuk; Sreeraj Gopi. 2019. "In-situ synthesis and characterization of biocompatible magnetic ginger nanofiber composites for copper (II) removal from water." Materials Today Communications 21, no. : 100690.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Materials Today Chemistry
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ACS Style

S. Gopi; P. Balakrishnan; D. Chandradhara; D. Poovathankandy; S. Thomas. General scenarios of cellulose and its use in the biomedical field. Materials Today Chemistry 2019, 13, 59 -78.

AMA Style

S. Gopi, P. Balakrishnan, D. Chandradhara, D. Poovathankandy, S. Thomas. General scenarios of cellulose and its use in the biomedical field. Materials Today Chemistry. 2019; 13 ():59-78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Gopi; P. Balakrishnan; D. Chandradhara; D. Poovathankandy; S. Thomas. 2019. "General scenarios of cellulose and its use in the biomedical field." Materials Today Chemistry 13, no. : 59-78.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2019 in International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
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The agro-industrial waste obtained after the isolation of bio-constituents from ginger is available in abundance. In the present study, the effective isolation of ginger nanofibers (GNF) was carried out by acid hydrolysis and high pressure homogenization to get cellulose nanofibers with 100 to 200 nm width. Bionanocomposites were also prepared by reinforcing different ratios of (1% to 7%) GNF with chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrices by solvent cast method and the 5% GNF with CS and PVA resulted a high mechanical strength composites than others. The surface morphology and structural analysis of the composites were identified by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The inhibitory effect of 5% GNF bionanocomposites against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium indicated good antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites due to the addition of GNF in the biopolymer matrices. The use of GNF will help to increase the economic values of agricultural waste and the characteristic properties of GNF derived bionanocomposites could be possibly used in medical and packaging areas.

ACS Style

Joby Jacob; Gregary Peter; Sabu Thomas; Józef Haponiuk; Sreeraj Gopi. Chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites with cellulose nanofibers from ginger rhizomes and its antimicrobial activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2019, 129, 370 -376.

AMA Style

Joby Jacob, Gregary Peter, Sabu Thomas, Józef Haponiuk, Sreeraj Gopi. Chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites with cellulose nanofibers from ginger rhizomes and its antimicrobial activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019; 129 ():370-376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joby Jacob; Gregary Peter; Sabu Thomas; Józef Haponiuk; Sreeraj Gopi. 2019. "Chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites with cellulose nanofibers from ginger rhizomes and its antimicrobial activities." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 129, no. : 370-376.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2019 in Journal of Herbal Medicine
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Acujoint™ - a supplement for articular cartilage degradation- in the treatment of patients with Osteoarthritis (OA) by comparing it with glucosamine and chondroitin formulation, which is a popular supplement used to treat OA. Acujoint™ is a health supplement prepared with extracts of 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid from Boswellia serrata, β-Caryophyllene from Piper nigrum, aqueous extract of Kaempferia galangal and Cureit™ - a bioavailable curcumin formulation- in a fixed ratio based on complete natural matrix, which has been used to treat osteoarthritis. A randomized, double blind, active controlled, single centre, clinical study was carried out using Acujoint™ during 90 days of treatment in 24 patients (1:1 ratio) with symptoms of moderate to mild OA along with combination of Glucosamine (1500 mg) and Chondroitin (1200 mg). The study shows that Acujoint™ can provide significant improvement in relieving the symptoms and the pain associated with active OA between the groups as well as within the groups. Active OA patients, who received Acujoint™ at 250 mg per day for a treatment period of 90 days, reported statistically significant changes/decreases in their clinical symptoms and pain. This was evident from significant changes in the total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) score, pain score, functional ability score, visual analog scale (VAS) score and Lequesne functional index values at P < 0.05 level. Acujoint™ promises the beneficial effects for the treatment of human knee osteoarthritis by controlling inflammatory responses as well as the pain without any adverse effects.

ACS Style

Augustine Amalraj; Joby Jacob; Karthik Varma; Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara; Chandradhara Divya; Sreeraj Gopi. Acujoint™, a highly efficient formulation with natural bioactive compounds, exerts potent anti-arthritis effects in human osteoarthritis – A pilot randomized double blind clinical study compared to combination of glucosamine and chondroitin. Journal of Herbal Medicine 2019, 17-18, 100276 .

AMA Style

Augustine Amalraj, Joby Jacob, Karthik Varma, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Chandradhara Divya, Sreeraj Gopi. Acujoint™, a highly efficient formulation with natural bioactive compounds, exerts potent anti-arthritis effects in human osteoarthritis – A pilot randomized double blind clinical study compared to combination of glucosamine and chondroitin. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2019; 17-18 ():100276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Augustine Amalraj; Joby Jacob; Karthik Varma; Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara; Chandradhara Divya; Sreeraj Gopi. 2019. "Acujoint™, a highly efficient formulation with natural bioactive compounds, exerts potent anti-arthritis effects in human osteoarthritis – A pilot randomized double blind clinical study compared to combination of glucosamine and chondroitin." Journal of Herbal Medicine 17-18, no. : 100276.

Review
Published: 30 March 2019 in Complementary Therapies in Medicine
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Bacopa monnieri (L) - (BM) is a perennial, creeping herb which is widely used in traditional ayurvedic medicine as a neural tonic to improve intelligence and memory. Research into the biological effects of this plant has burgeoned in recent years, promising its neuroprotective and memory boosting ability among others. In this context, an extensive literature survey allows an insight into the participation of numerous signaling pathways and oxidative mechanism involved in the mitigation of oxidative stress, along with other indirect mechanisms modulated by bioactive molecules of BM to improve the cognitive action by their synergistic potential and cellular multiplicity mechanism. This multi-faceted review describes the novel mechanisms that underlie the unfounded but long flaunted promises of BM and thereby direct a way to harness this acquired knowledge to develop innovative approaches to manipulate its intracellular pathways.

ACS Style

Nimisha Pulikkal Sukumaran; Augustine Amalraj; Sreeraj Gopi. Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst – A review on its mechanistic aspects. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2019, 44, 68 -82.

AMA Style

Nimisha Pulikkal Sukumaran, Augustine Amalraj, Sreeraj Gopi. Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst – A review on its mechanistic aspects. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2019; 44 ():68-82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nimisha Pulikkal Sukumaran; Augustine Amalraj; Sreeraj Gopi. 2019. "Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst – A review on its mechanistic aspects." Complementary Therapies in Medicine 44, no. : 68-82.

Articles
Published: 07 February 2019 in Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A
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Turmeric spent, a by-product of turmeric processing industries, was used as a source to prepare nanofibers (NF). The chemical treatments methods followed by acid hydrolysis accompanied with high pressure homogenization were used to prepare NF. The resulting turmeric nanofibers (TNF) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA). The TNF presented needle like structure, high thermal stability, an average width of 38.5 nm, average length of 245.7 nm, and giving an aspect ratio (L/D) of 23.15. The prepared TNF showed pronounced antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia Coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus and also registered good antioxidant activity. The results showed that TNF were successfully obtained from turmeric spent and might be potentially applied in different fields, such as pharmaceutical, biological active species, nutraceuticals, components for food industries and bionanocomposites.

ACS Style

Sreeraj Gopi; Augustine Amalraj; Shintu Jude; K.T. Benson; Preetha Balakrishnan; Józef Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas. Isolation and characterization of stable nanofiber from turmeric spent using chemical treatment by acid hydrolysis and its potential as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 2019, 56, 327 -340.

AMA Style

Sreeraj Gopi, Augustine Amalraj, Shintu Jude, K.T. Benson, Preetha Balakrishnan, Józef Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas. Isolation and characterization of stable nanofiber from turmeric spent using chemical treatment by acid hydrolysis and its potential as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A. 2019; 56 (4):327-340.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sreeraj Gopi; Augustine Amalraj; Shintu Jude; K.T. Benson; Preetha Balakrishnan; Józef Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas. 2019. "Isolation and characterization of stable nanofiber from turmeric spent using chemical treatment by acid hydrolysis and its potential as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 56, no. 4: 327-340.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2019 in Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers
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The aim of this research was to enhance the physicochemical properties of potato starch (PS), tapioca starch (TS) and chitosan (CS) based bionanocomposite films by incorporating with different levels of turmeric nanofiber (TNF). The TNF was prepared from turmeric spent by acid hydrolysis accompanied with high pressure homogenization. The morphology of the bionanocomposites was analyzed by SEM and it revealed their large aggregation cluster with dense structure through tightly packed TNF in the biocomposite films. The attainment of bionanocomposites due to the formation of fresh hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of PS, TS and CS with TNF authenticated by FT-IR spectroscopy. XRD results exhibited the disappearances of peaks of TNF indicating the reinforcement of TNF in the prepared bionanocomposite matrixes. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of the bionanocomposites were improved tremendously through increasing TNF concentration due to the formation of starch-TNF and chitosan-TNF network. DSC data indicated the addition of TNF significantly increased the onset temperature, peak temperature and conclusion temperature of bionanocomposites; however, the enthalpy change values considerably decreased. The antibacterial test showed the bionanocomposites exhibited excellent antibacterial performance against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium due to the addition of TNF in the biopolymer matrixes.

ACS Style

Sreeraj Gopi; Augustine Amalraj; Shintu Jude; Sabu Thomas; Qipeng Guo. Bionanocomposite films based on potato, tapioca starch and chitosan reinforced with cellulose nanofiber isolated from turmeric spent. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 2019, 96, 664 -671.

AMA Style

Sreeraj Gopi, Augustine Amalraj, Shintu Jude, Sabu Thomas, Qipeng Guo. Bionanocomposite films based on potato, tapioca starch and chitosan reinforced with cellulose nanofiber isolated from turmeric spent. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2019; 96 ():664-671.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sreeraj Gopi; Augustine Amalraj; Shintu Jude; Sabu Thomas; Qipeng Guo. 2019. "Bionanocomposite films based on potato, tapioca starch and chitosan reinforced with cellulose nanofiber isolated from turmeric spent." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 96, no. : 664-671.

Review
Published: 02 January 2019 in Biomolecules
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Over the past decades curcuminoids have been extensively studied for their biological activities such as antiulcer, antifibrotic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antimutagenic, antifertility, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, antivenom, antioxidant, antihypotensive, antihypocholesteremic, and anticancer activities. With the perception of limited toxicity and cost, these compounds forms an integral part of cancer research and is well established as a potential anticancer agent. However, only few studies have focused on the other bioactive molecules of turmeric, known as non-curcuminoids, which are also equally potent as curcuminoids. This review aims to explore the comprehensive potency including the identification, physicochemical properties, and anticancer mechanism inclusive of molecular docking studies of non-curcuminoids such as turmerones, elemene, furanodiene (FN), bisacurone, germacrone, calebin A (CA), curdione, and cyclocurcumin. An insight into the clinical studies of these curcumin-free compounds are also discussed which provides ample evidence that favors the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Like curcuminoids, limited solubility and bioavailability are the most fragile domain, which circumscribe further applications of these compounds. Thus, this review credits the encapsulation of non-curcuminoid components in diverse drug delivery systems such as co-crystals, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, polar-non-polar sandwich (PNS) technology, which help abolish their shortcomings and flaunt their ostentatious benefits as anticancer activities.

ACS Style

Akhila Nair; Augustine Amalraj; Joby Jacob; Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara; Sreeraj Gopi. Non-Curcuminoids from Turmeric and Their Potential in Cancer Therapy and Anticancer Drug Delivery Formulations. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 13 .

AMA Style

Akhila Nair, Augustine Amalraj, Joby Jacob, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Sreeraj Gopi. Non-Curcuminoids from Turmeric and Their Potential in Cancer Therapy and Anticancer Drug Delivery Formulations. Biomolecules. 2019; 9 (1):13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akhila Nair; Augustine Amalraj; Joby Jacob; Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara; Sreeraj Gopi. 2019. "Non-Curcuminoids from Turmeric and Their Potential in Cancer Therapy and Anticancer Drug Delivery Formulations." Biomolecules 9, no. 1: 13.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2018 in Materials Science and Engineering: C
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Turmeric nanofibers (TNF) were used as reinforcement in the gum arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MDX) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrices to enhance the physicochemical properties. The TNF were prepared from turmeric spent by acid hydrolysis accompanied by high pressure homogenization. The thermal and mechanical properties, structure morphology and antimicrobial activities of the prepared nanocomposites were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data indicate that the addition of TNF significantly increased the onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp) and conclusion temperature (Tc) of the melting peaks of nanocomposites, but considerably decreased the enthalpy change values. The tensile properties showed that the addition of TNF enhanced mechanical properties due to the formation of networks within the GA, MDX and PEG. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the films of GA-TNF and MDX-TNF show smooth, homogenous surface due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and the film of PEG-TNF shows good dispersion of TNF with PEG matrix with rough surface because of strong interfacial adhesion between TNF and PEG and strong hydrogen bonding, which are further confirmed by the FT-IR spectroscopy. XRD results exhibited the disappearances of peaks of TNF indicating the reinforcement of TNF in the prepared nanocomposite matrices. The antibacterial tests show the prepared nanocomposites exhibited excellent antibacterial performance against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium.

ACS Style

Sreeraj Gopi; Augustine Amalraj; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Jin Zhang; Sabu Thomas; Qipeng Guo. Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite films based on gum arabic, maltodextrin and polyethylene glycol reinforced with turmeric nanofiber isolated from turmeric spent. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2018, 97, 723 -729.

AMA Style

Sreeraj Gopi, Augustine Amalraj, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Jin Zhang, Sabu Thomas, Qipeng Guo. Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite films based on gum arabic, maltodextrin and polyethylene glycol reinforced with turmeric nanofiber isolated from turmeric spent. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2018; 97 ():723-729.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sreeraj Gopi; Augustine Amalraj; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Jin Zhang; Sabu Thomas; Qipeng Guo. 2018. "Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite films based on gum arabic, maltodextrin and polyethylene glycol reinforced with turmeric nanofiber isolated from turmeric spent." Materials Science and Engineering: C 97, no. : 723-729.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2018 in Fibers
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Ginger residues left after the extraction of active ingredients from ginger rhizomes are considered to be a bio-waste, available in abundance and very rarely used. Extraction and isolation of natural nanofibers from the agro-waste is economical, environmentally benign, and an alternate strategy to replace synthetic fibers. Here, we report, for the first time, the isolation of ginger nanofibers (GNF) from ginger rhizomes spent by acid hydrolysis and followed by high-pressure homogenization. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to identify the surface morphology of the GNF and the widths ranged between 130 to 200 nm. Structural analysis of GNF was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction methods. This GNF was used to make natural nanocomposites by the solvent-casting method reinforcement, using potato starch (PS) and tapioca starch (TS), and was characterized through various methods. These composites were prepared by the addition of 1, 3, 5, and 7 weight % of GNF with PS or TS. Among these, 5% of the GNF composites of these starches showed very high mechanical properties. The antibacterial test showed that the bionanocomposites with 5% GNF exhibited good antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium, due to the addition of GNF in the biopolymer matrices. The viable use of GNF from the unexploited ginger agro-waste would create additional profit and it would help to diminish a large amount of waste generation. Thus, the developed bio-composite could also be employed for development of packing materials and be used in medical applications, such as wound healing pads and medical disposables.

ACS Style

Joby Jacob; Józef T. Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas; Gregary Peter; Sreeraj Gopi. Use of Ginger Nanofibers for the Preparation of Cellulose Nanocomposites and Their Antimicrobial Activities. Fibers 2018, 6, 79 .

AMA Style

Joby Jacob, Józef T. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas, Gregary Peter, Sreeraj Gopi. Use of Ginger Nanofibers for the Preparation of Cellulose Nanocomposites and Their Antimicrobial Activities. Fibers. 2018; 6 (4):79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joby Jacob; Józef T. Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas; Gregary Peter; Sreeraj Gopi. 2018. "Use of Ginger Nanofibers for the Preparation of Cellulose Nanocomposites and Their Antimicrobial Activities." Fibers 6, no. 4: 79.

Journal article
Published: 10 October 2018 in Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that cause chronic pain, disability and joint destruction. The present placebo controlled randomized study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel hydrogenated curcuminoid formulation-CuroWhite™, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Twenty four RA patients were randomized in 1:1:1 ratio to receive 250 mg, 500 mg CuroWhite or placebo as one capsule a day, over a period of three months. Improvement in the ACR response, changes in disease activity assessed using the DAS 28 score, change in physical function assessed on change in ESR, CRP, RF values were evaluated before and after the study. Results suggested that patients who received CuroWhite both low and high doses reported statistically significant changes in their clinical symptoms towards end of the study when compared with placebo. There were significant changes in DAS28 (50–64%) VAS (63–72%) ESR (88–89%), CRP (31–45%) RF (80–84%) values and ACR response for CuroWhite groups in comparison with placebo. Thus, CuroWhite acts as the analgesic and anti-inflammatory product for management of RA by the reduction of the inflammatory action which was confirmed by improvement in ESR, CRP, VAS, RF, DAS-28 and ACR responses. CuroWhite was significantly effective against RA with highly safe without serious side effects and well tolerated.

ACS Style

Joby Jacob; Augustine Amalraj; K.K. Jithin Raj; Chandradhara Divya; Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara; Sreeraj Gopi. A novel bioavailable hydrogenated curcuminoids formulation (CuroWhite™) improves symptoms and diagnostic indicators in rheumatoid arthritis patients - A randomized, double blind and placebo controlled study. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2018, 9, 346 -352.

AMA Style

Joby Jacob, Augustine Amalraj, K.K. Jithin Raj, Chandradhara Divya, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Sreeraj Gopi. A novel bioavailable hydrogenated curcuminoids formulation (CuroWhite™) improves symptoms and diagnostic indicators in rheumatoid arthritis patients - A randomized, double blind and placebo controlled study. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2018; 9 (4):346-352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joby Jacob; Augustine Amalraj; K.K. Jithin Raj; Chandradhara Divya; Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara; Sreeraj Gopi. 2018. "A novel bioavailable hydrogenated curcuminoids formulation (CuroWhite™) improves symptoms and diagnostic indicators in rheumatoid arthritis patients - A randomized, double blind and placebo controlled study." Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9, no. 4: 346-352.

Journal article
Published: 20 September 2018 in Molecules
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Specific and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectroscopy (UPLC-QTOF-MS) methods have been developed for the determination of curcuminoids and curcumin metabolites in human blood plasma. The UPLC-QTOF-MS method used a binary solvent delivery system and the chromatographic separation was performed on a C-18 (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.7 µm) column. Mass spectra were obtained on a Waters Xevo G2S Q-TOF mass spectrometer. The developed methods to characterize the pharmacokinetics of curcuminoids and curcumin metabolites in human blood plasma after an oral administration of bioavailable curcumin—Cureit™—were validated. It was found that the complete turmeric matrix enhances the concentration of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), hexahydrocurcumin (HHC), octahydrocurcumin (OHC), curcumin-O-glucuronide (COG) and curcumin-O-sulfate (COS) in the blood plasma once the product is administrated.

ACS Style

Shintu Jude; Augustine Amalraj; Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara; Chandradhara Divya; Bernd-Michael Löffler; Sreeraj Gopi. Development of Validated Methods and Quantification of Curcuminoids and Curcumin Metabolites and Their Pharmacokinetic Study of Oral Administration of Complete Natural Turmeric Formulation (Cureit™) in Human Plasma via UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS Spectrometry. Molecules 2018, 23, 2415 .

AMA Style

Shintu Jude, Augustine Amalraj, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Chandradhara Divya, Bernd-Michael Löffler, Sreeraj Gopi. Development of Validated Methods and Quantification of Curcuminoids and Curcumin Metabolites and Their Pharmacokinetic Study of Oral Administration of Complete Natural Turmeric Formulation (Cureit™) in Human Plasma via UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS Spectrometry. Molecules. 2018; 23 (10):2415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shintu Jude; Augustine Amalraj; Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara; Chandradhara Divya; Bernd-Michael Löffler; Sreeraj Gopi. 2018. "Development of Validated Methods and Quantification of Curcuminoids and Curcumin Metabolites and Their Pharmacokinetic Study of Oral Administration of Complete Natural Turmeric Formulation (Cureit™) in Human Plasma via UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS Spectrometry." Molecules 23, no. 10: 2415.

Review
Published: 01 September 2018 in Materials Today Chemistry
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Drug delivery systems (DDS) are used to achieve a higher therapeutic effects of a pharmaceutical drug or natural compound in a specific diseased site with minimal toxicological effect and these systems consists of liposomes, microspheres, gels, prodrugs and many. Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing multi-disciplinary science that ensures the fabrication of the polymers to nanometer scale for various medical applications. Uses of biopolymers in DDS ensure the biocompatibility, biodegradability and low immunogenicity over the synthetic ones. Biopolymers such as silk fibroins, collagen, gelatin, albumin, starch, cellulose and chitosan can be easily made into suspension that serve as delivery vehicles for both macro and mini drug molecules. There are various methods such as supercritical fluid extraction, desolvation, electrospraying, spray-drying, layer-by-layer self-assembly, freeze-drying and microemulsion introduced to make these DDS. This drug carrier systems enhance the drug delivery actively and can be used in ocular, transdermal, dental or intranasal delivery systems. This review describes the new trends in nanomaterials based drug delivery systems mainly using biopolymers such as proteins (silk fibroin, collagen, gelatin and albumin) and polysaccharides (chitosan, alginate, cellulose and starch).

ACS Style

Joby Jacob; Józef Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas; Sreeraj Gopi. Biopolymer based nanomaterials in drug delivery systems: A review. Materials Today Chemistry 2018, 9, 43 -55.

AMA Style

Joby Jacob, Józef Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas, Sreeraj Gopi. Biopolymer based nanomaterials in drug delivery systems: A review. Materials Today Chemistry. 2018; 9 ():43-55.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joby Jacob; Józef Haponiuk; Sabu Thomas; Sreeraj Gopi. 2018. "Biopolymer based nanomaterials in drug delivery systems: A review." Materials Today Chemistry 9, no. : 43-55.

Full paper
Published: 16 August 2018 in Macromolecular Symposia
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Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) are nanoscale materials obtained from nature by various physical and chemical treatments that has a strong reinforcing ability. CNFs and CNCs have different size, shape, viscosity, and other properties. This study focusses on comparative studies on reinforcing effect of CNFs and CNCs on thermoplastic starch (TPS). The nanocomposites with different weight percentage of reinforcing fillers are fabricated via solvent casting. The transparent TPS/CNF and TPS/CNC films are well characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis to study the effect of filler loading on viscoelastic behavior. All the nanocomposite films has better properties compared to neat TPS. But comparing the properties of CNFs and CNCs on the starch matrix, at some point of time, TPS/CNC composites are more transparent. But due to higher degree of entanglement, strong intermolecular attraction between starch and nanofibers, TPS/CNF composites are better, and the authors modeled the data with DMA and found that the nanofibers have better reinforcing ability and stress transfer character than CNCs. This type of comparative studies helps to find out the proper criteria to reinforce bio‐based material like starch for various applications.

ACS Style

Preetha Balakrishnan; Sreerag Gopi; V. G. Geethamma; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. Cellulose Nanofiber vs Nanocrystals From Pineapple Leaf Fiber: A Comparative Studies on Reinforcing Efficiency on Starch Nanocomposites. Macromolecular Symposia 2018, 380, 1 .

AMA Style

Preetha Balakrishnan, Sreerag Gopi, V. G. Geethamma, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas. Cellulose Nanofiber vs Nanocrystals From Pineapple Leaf Fiber: A Comparative Studies on Reinforcing Efficiency on Starch Nanocomposites. Macromolecular Symposia. 2018; 380 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Preetha Balakrishnan; Sreerag Gopi; V. G. Geethamma; Nandakumar Kalarikkal; Sabu Thomas. 2018. "Cellulose Nanofiber vs Nanocrystals From Pineapple Leaf Fiber: A Comparative Studies on Reinforcing Efficiency on Starch Nanocomposites." Macromolecular Symposia 380, no. 1: 1.

Full paper
Published: 16 August 2018 in Macromolecular Symposia
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Herein, we report polysaccharide blend film such as cellulose acetate/carboxymethyl cellulose (CA/CMC) developed using acetic acid and water mixture using solvent casting method. The material prepared here subsequently treated using potassium hydroxide solution in order to remove acetate content from CA/CMC film to make them more active adsorbent. FTIR analysis is carried out to understand the chemical moieties present in CA/CMC films and to confirm the disappearance of acetate group from the blend films. Morphological analysis revealed the surface changing due to the addition of CMC on CA and the deacetylation of CA/CMC. Dye wastewater treatment has been carried out using synthetic methylene blue water solution and found that deacetylated film with higher amount of CMC has more adsorption capacity compared to all other films displayed in this study.

ACS Style

Sreerag Gopi; Preetha Balakrishnan; Anitha Pius; Sabu Thomas. Development and Modification of Cellulose Acetate/Carboxy Methyl Cellulose Blend Films for Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue. Macromolecular Symposia 2018, 380, 1 .

AMA Style

Sreerag Gopi, Preetha Balakrishnan, Anitha Pius, Sabu Thomas. Development and Modification of Cellulose Acetate/Carboxy Methyl Cellulose Blend Films for Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue. Macromolecular Symposia. 2018; 380 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sreerag Gopi; Preetha Balakrishnan; Anitha Pius; Sabu Thomas. 2018. "Development and Modification of Cellulose Acetate/Carboxy Methyl Cellulose Blend Films for Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue." Macromolecular Symposia 380, no. 1: 1.