Objectives: Falls are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults, often resulting in severe injuries and a loss of independence. Dual-task training, which integrates cognitive and motor exercises, has emerged as a promising intervention for fall prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a structured cognitive and motor dual-task training program on fall risk, balance, and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults.Methods: Seventy-two participants aged 60 years or older were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (IG, n=36) or a control group (CG, n=36). The IG underwent 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks (totaling 24 sessions) that incorporated simultaneous cognitive and motor exercises, while the CG continued their usual total body stretching exercise. Assessments were conducted at baseline, week 4, and week 8, and included gait speed (10-meter walk test), functional performance (Timed Up and Go test), cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), and quality of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment).Results: Participants in the IG demonstrated significant improvements in functional performance (p<0.05) and enhanced cognitive function compared to the CG after both 4 weeks and 8 weeks of training. Functional performance and cognitive function significantly improved after 8 weeks of training (p<0.01). However, the intervention did not produce changes in gait speed or quality of life.Conclusions: Integrating cognitive and motor dual-task training into fall prevention programs may enhance functional stability and cognitive resilience in older adults. Future studies should investigate long-term adherence and determine the optimal training intensity.

Inadequate health literacy (HL) is a critical factor contributing to fall risk among older adults. However, evidence on how HL relates to home environment and fall prevention behaviors in Asian community settings remains limited. This study aimed to assess HL levels and examine their associations with sociodemographic characteristics, home environment, and fall prevention behaviors. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 177 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 to 79 years. Data were collected through structured questionnaires assessing sociodemographic characteristics, home environment, fall prevention behaviors, and HL using the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47), which cover three subdomains: healthcare, disease prevention, and health promotion. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the associations between sociodemographic factors, home environment, fall prevention behaviors, and HL. The HL score among older adults was 34.50 ± 7.50 (54.2% limited HL). A total HL score was positively associated with regular exercise (β = 2.73, 95% CI: 0.71, 4.74) and a sitting toilet (β = 6.38; 95% CI: 3.83, 8.92) and marginally associated with wearing properly fitting shoes (β = 2.54; 95% CI: 0.22, 4.86). Therefore, the health promotion aimed at improving HL in this population may benefit from concurrently promoting regular exercise, home safety modifications, and safe footwear practices.

Background: Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is a common overuse injury in runners, leading to pain and reduced training capacity. Reliable assessment of biomechanical and clinical outcomes is essential to distinguish true clinical change from measurement error and for guiding rehabilitation and return-to-running decisions. However, evidence for the reliability of commonly used measures in MTSS is limited. Purpose: To determine the test–retest reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of common biomechanical and clinical outcomes in runners with MTSS. Study design: Test–retest reliability study. Methods: Twenty-two runners with MTSS were assessed twice, three days apart, by the same examiner. Biomechanical outcomes included center of pressure (COP) trajectory during running and cross-sectional area (CSA) and strength of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle. Clinical outcomes included linear pain distance on palpation along the posteromedial tibial border, and pain level reported using a visual analog scale (VAS). Paired t-tests were used to analyze the differences between sessions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC _3,k ) were calculated to assess reliability. The standard error of measurement (SEM), the MDC and the Bland-Altman plot were calculated. Results: No significant differences between sessions were observed for any outcome. Test-retest reliability was good to excellent for COP (ICC _3,1 =0.92), linear pain distance on palpation along the posteromedial tibial border (ICC _3,1 =0.94), CSA (ICC _3,3 =0.82), and FHL strength (ICC _3,3 =0.88). SEM and MDC value were 0.86% and 2.38% for COP, 0.77 cm and 2.12 cm for linear pain distance on palpation along the posteromedial tibial border, 0.23 cm² and 0.63 cm² for CSA, and 0.54 kg and 1.49 kg for FHL strength. The Bland-Altman plot shows the agreement of all variables. Conclusion: Common biomechanical and clinical outcomes in runner with MTSS demonstrated good to excellent test-retest reliability. The established MDC values provide reference thresholds for interpreting meaningful change and support evidence-based rehabilitation and return-to-running protocols. # Level of evidence Level 3