Objective: Diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) has the potential to deteriorate rapidly without prompt assessment and treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the referral patterns for DFU, from primary care to specialised diabetes foot care units. Method: A two-part, quantitative, online questionnaire was administered to GPs across four countries in Europe: France, the UK, Germany and Spain. The first part entailed a survey of GPs' perceptions of referrals for DFU. The second part of the questionnaire collected data on recently managed DFU cases. Results: There were 600 questionnaires collected in the first part of the study (150 per country), and 1188 patient cases of DFU management were included in the second part. Up to 95% of patients had type 2 diabetes. Patients' complaints led to diagnosis, on average, 60% of the time, and the diagnosis was an incidental finding during a consultation 13–28% of the time. On average, only 40% of GPs completely agreed that they have clearly identified DFU clinical practitioners working in a hospital facility. In 55–66% of cases, the duration of DFU was unknown or DFU diagnosis was delayed more than three weeks from the onset of the wound. On average, 48% of patients were referred after an unknown duration or more than one month from the onset of DFU. Conclusion: Despite differences in health-care structures across Europe, delays in referral to specialist foot care teams seems to be a common theme. There is an ongoing need to educate GPs, nurses and patients to be more aware of the risk of DFU, and the need for prompt referral to specialist diabetic foot teams.

Comprehensive management of a severe diabetic foot infection focus on clear treatment pathways. Including rapid, radical debridement of all infection in addition to intravenous antibiotics and supportive measures. However, inexperienced surgeons can often underestimate the extent of infection, risking inadequate debridement, repeated theatre episodes, higher hospital morbidity, and hospital length of stay (LOS). This study aims to assess protocolized diabetic-foot-debridement: Red-Amber-Green (RAG) model as part of a value-based driven intervention. The model highlights necrotic/infected tissue (red-zone, nonviable), followed by areas of moderate damage (amber-zone), healthy tissue (green-zone, viable). Sequential training of orthopedic surgeons supporting our emergency service was undertaken prior to introduction. We compared outcomes before/after RAG introduction (pre-RAG, n = 48; post- RAG, n = 35). Outcomes measured included: impact on number of debridement/individual admission, percentage of individuals requiring multiple debridement, and length-of-hospital-stay as a function-of-cost. All-patients fulfilled grade 2/3, stage-B, of the Texas-Wound-Classification. Those with evidence of ischemia were excluded. The pre-RAG-group were younger (53.8 ± 11.0 years vs 60.3 ± 9.2 years, P = .01); otherwise the 2-groups were matched: HbA1c, white blood cell count, and C-reactive protein. The post-RAG-group underwent significantly lower numbers of debridement’s (1.1 ± 0.3 vs 1.5 ± 0.6/individual admission, P = .003); equired fewer visits to theatre (8.6% vs 38%, P = .003), their LOS was reduced (median LOS pre-RAG 36.0 vs post-RAG 21.5 days, P = .02). RAG facilitates infection clearance, fewer theatre-episodes, and shorter LOS. This protocolized-management-tools in acute severely infected diabetic foot infection offers benefits to patients and health-care-gain.

The natural history of the diabetic foot is aggressive and complex. To counteract this, we describe the transformation of a Multidisciplinary Diabetic Foot Clinic into a Multidisciplinary Diabetic Foot Day Unit, which delivers an emergency open access system for patients, with a “one-stop,” same day service in which investigations are performed, results reviewed and treatment implemented. It also provides joint clinics with vascular, orthopaedic, and plastic surgeons and specialized clinics for casting of complex neuropathic feet and for the administration of intravenous or intramuscular antibiotics on the same day. The aim was to document these increasingly wide-ranging facilities by undertaking a retrospective evaluation over a 6-week period, with analysis of notes, investigations, and an anonymous patient satisfaction survey. The clinic was visited by 597 patients who attended in 1076 appointments, of which 112 (10.4%) were emergency visits; these patients attended the clinic without a booked appointment but via an open access policy, 93 of whom were known to the clinic, but 19 were new self-referred patients to the service. Furthermore, 197 (18%) were seen in a Joint Vascular Diabetic Foot Clinic and 98 (9%) were seen in a Joint Orthopaedic Plastic Diabetic Foot Clinic, 570 (53%) were seen in an Active Ulcer Clinic and 97 (9%) in a Total Contact Casting Clinic. Forty-five percent of patients were prescribed antibiotics, including 188 (76%) as oral and 45(18%) as intravenous antibiotics and 15(6%) as intramuscular injections. Of the 1076 appointments, 150 (14%) patients were in the foot clinic for more than 4 hours. Sixty (10%) patients were reviewed 4 or more times over the 6-week period. Only 22 (2%) were admitted to hospital. Of the 125 survey responders, 98% were satisfied with this service, which has evolved from a Diabetic Foot Clinic into a Multidisciplinary Diabetic Foot Day Unit.

We describe the use of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT) in the investigation and diagnosis of Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) in patients with a hot swollen foot but normal radiographs and clinical suspicion of CN, usually termed Stage 0. This was a retrospective cohort review of 46 diabetes patients who underwent 3 phase bone scintigraphy with “High Resolution” SPECT/CT. The imaging demonstrated that Stage 0 Charcot foot has a distinct bone pathology, which can be classified into three groups: (1) fractures on Computed Tomography (CT) with accompanying focal uptake of tracer on SPECT, (2) bony abnormalities apart from fracture on CT with focal uptake of tracer on SPECT, and (3) normal CT but focal bony uptake of tracer on SPECT. The CT component of SPECT/CT detected bony fractures in 59% of patients. Early treatment with below knee cast and follow-up for 24 months showed only 4 patients who developed Stage 1 Eichenholtz Charcot foot. Our findings support the use of 3 phase bone scintigraphy with SPECT/CT in the characterization and early diagnosis of CN. Stage 0 Charcot foot has a distinct bone pathology which requires urgent treatment to prevent progression to Stage 1 Eichenholtz Charcot foot. If SPECT/CT is unavailable, CT alone will detect bone fracture in 59% patients.

Aim: To investigate the effectiveness of fast-track pathway (FTP) in the management of diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) after 2 years of implementation. Methods: The study group was composed of patients who referred to a specialized DF centre due to DFUs. Those were divided in two groups: early referral (ER) and late referral (LR) patients. According to FTP, ER were considered patients who referred after 2 weeks in the case of uncomplicated non-healing ulcers (superficial, not infected, not ischemic), within 4 days in the case of complicated ulcers (ischemic, deep, mild infection) and within 24 h in the case of severely complicated ulcers (abscess, wet gangrene, fever). Healing, healing time, minor and major amputation, hospitalization, and survival were evaluated. The follow-up was 6 months. Results: Two hundred patients were recruited. The mean age was 70 ± 13 years, 62.5% were male, 91% were affected by type 2 diabetes with a mean duration of 18 ± 11 years. Within the group, 79.5% had ER while 20.5% had LR. ER patients showed increased rates of healing (89.9 vs. 41.5%, p = 0.001), reduced healing time (10 vs. 16 weeks, p = 0.0002), lower rates of minor (17.6 vs. 75.6%, p < 0.0001) and major amputation (0.6 vs. 36.6%, p < 0.0001), hospitalization (47.1 vs. 82.9%, p = 0.001), and mortality (4.4 vs. 19.5%, p = 0.02) in comparison to LR. At multivariate analysis, ER was an independent predictor of healing, while LR was an independent predictor for minor and major amputation and hospitalization. Conclusion: After the FTP implementation, less cases of LR were reported in comparison to ER. ER was an independent predictor of positive outcomes such as healing, healing time, limb salvage, hospitalization, and survival.