As a result of China’s rapid urbanization, new urban districts are characterized by a superblock development paradigm that contrasts sharply with core urban areas, where service facilities remain largely congruent with the population distribution. This planning approach has resulted in a pronounced spatial mismatch, with an intensive concentration of public service facilities within commercial cores and a critical lack of facilities proximate to high-density residential clusters. Within the framework of the 15 min community life circle policy, evaluating and optimizing these configurations is imperative for mitigating such structural imbalances. Using Xi’an’s Qujiang New District as a representative empirical case, this study integrates Point of Interest (POI) geospatial data with 330 resident behavioral questionnaires to assess facility distribution and utilization patterns. The findings reveal a distinct spatial pattern of core–periphery polarization, which is significantly influenced by cultural landscapes and commercial land values. Furthermore, the utilization patterns differ markedly across age groups. The reliance of young and middle-aged groups on digital life circles should be viewed not only as a lifestyle preference but also as an adaptation to mitigate physical facility deficits. While digital services compensate for physical facility shortages, they mask the actual lack of community spaces. This further disadvantages older adults, who still rely heavily on walking to access daily services. Addressing the unique characteristics of new urban districts, this study proposes a synergistic physical–digital dual-tier system in which physical infrastructure safeguards the equity baseline, while digital platforms enhance operational efficiency, providing a scientific basis for constructing age-friendly communities.

Clarifying the mechanism through which community-built environment types influence the supply–demand adaptability of service facilities can promote the effectiveness of community service facility provision in the context of urban renewal. Existing studies have focused on facility quantity, service radius, or accessibility, while few have integrated community-built environment classification with supply–demand adaptability assessment. As a result, the differentiated mechanisms of facility mismatch under different spatial structures remain insufficiently revealed. Taking Xi’an as an example, this research takes 15-minute life circles as basic units and integrates macro- and micro-scale built environment indicators to identify community types. Then, it assesses the supply–demand adaptability of service facilities from four dimensions, including completeness, accessibility, diversity, and equity. The results show that supply–demand adaptability of community facilities is jointly influenced by factors such as road networks, residential complex scale, and walking environment quality. Facility provision adaptability in Xi’an generally shows a declining spatial pattern from the urban core to peripheral areas, while different indicators reveal different types of mismatches. Facility layout patterns act as an intermediate spatial mechanism linking community morphology with supply–demand adaptability outcomes. Their service performance is conditioned by road network permeability, block size, and residential enclosure. Based on these findings, this study proposes targeted optimization strategies for different community types, providing a reference for diagnosing supply–demand conflicts within 15-minute life circles.

Near-surface air temperature (Ta) is essential for urban heat assessment, but ground observations are spatially sparse. This study combined ECOSTRESS land surface temperature (LST), concurrent Ta and built-environment (BE) indicators in four local climate zone (LCZ) categories in central Xi’an. The analysis comprised 176 site-overpass records from 123 sites across six events. Under ten repetitions of site-grouped five-fold cross-validation, LST-only CatBoost yielded RMSEs of 2.69, 1.63, 4.41 and 2.22 °C in LCZ5-II, LCZ4, LCZ2 and LCZ6-II, respectively. OLS performed better in LCZ4 (1.41 °C). Adding 14 screened BE variables increased the equal-weight mean RMSE across LCZs from 2.74 to 3.29 °C; this disadvantage persisted across the tested model capacity settings in LCZ5-II, LCZ4 and LCZ6-II. In event-held-out tests, the LST-only RMSE rose to 5.84, 6.57 and 7.12 °C in those three LCZs. The dominant LCZ2 event lacked sufficient training support for evaluation. LCZ2’s inverse prediction–observation association arose predominantly between event means, and all tested site-grouped CatBoost configurations retained negative predictive R² values. Within this small sample, additional BE inputs offered limited predictive value, and errors increased substantially when transferring to new events.

Urban green spaces (UGSs) are considered crucial for enhancing older adults’ subjective well-being. However, limited studies have explored the synergistic effects of UGS quality and quantity on satisfaction across green spaces, residential environments, and life domains, making it challenging to uncover the multifaceted sustainable benefits of UGSs on older adults’ subjective well-being. This study drew on multi-source data and place attachment theory to depict neighborhood-accessible UGS quantity (provision, accessibility, and visibility) and quality (cognition, behavior, and affect). Through the geographical visualization of bivariate SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) interaction values extracted from the trained eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model, and the comparison of bivariate SHAP maps with univariate SHAP maps, the study revealed the nonlinear geographic associations between UGS quantity and quality and three types of satisfaction. The results showed that when UGS quantity and quality coexisted, variations in the impact of quantity on older adults’ satisfaction were associated with quality differences. The gain effect of quality on quantity was more significant in areas with limited green space within a 500 m buffer zone. UGSs made a direct contribution to green space satisfaction, while their indirect association with life satisfaction surpassed that of residential satisfaction due to their provision of emotional qualities. This study calls for neighborhood green planning aimed at improving older adults’ subjective well-being, which should shift focus from quantity to quality and balance the relationship between quantity and quality based on regional characteristics.