Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy (YAG PC) on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and refraction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Material and Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent YAG PC due to posterior capsular opacification (PCO). BCVA, refraction examination results, IOP, and CMT of the patients were evaluated. All patients were examined before, one day, and one month after the treatment. Results: The study included 56 eyes from 48 diabetic patients (diabetic group, Group 1) and 61 eyes from 50 nondiabetic patients (nondiabetic group, Group 2). In Group 1, a significant increase was observed between pre-treatment BCVA and the first-day and first-month BCVAs. Similarly, a significant increase was observed on the first day and first-month CMT compared to the pre-treatment CMT. On the other hand, a significant increase was observed in Group 2 between pre-treatment BCVA and the first-day and first-month BCVAs. However, no significant increase was observed between pre-treatment and the first-day and first-month CMT. Conclusion: Although CMT has increased in patients with DM after YAG PC, applied for PCO treatment, this increase did not affect the visual recovery.

Purpose: Only a few trials have compared the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of prostaglandin analogs to carbonic anhydrase inhibitor plus beta-blocker fixed-dose combination therapy in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Furthermore, the influence of the glaucoma stage on the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of these drug types has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to compare the IOP-lowering efficacy of latanoprost, a prostaglandin analog versus dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor plus beta-blocker fixed-dose combination therapy, in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma based on glaucoma stage. Methods: The data of 32 eyes (32 patients) diagnosed with uniocular pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and treated with topical latanoprost (Group 1) or dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (Group 2) were retrospectively assessed. The groups were subdivided into early and moderate-advanced stages. Patients’ demographics, baseline intraocular pressure, final intraocular pressure, and intraocular pressure difference (the difference between the baseline and final intraocular pressure) were determined from medical records and compared between groups and according to glaucoma stage. Results: The mean drug use duration was 17.7 ± 13.5 months. No significant differences in mean baseline intraocular pressure, mean final intraocular pressure and mean intraocular pressure difference between Groups 1 and 2. In Group 2, the mean intraocular pressure difference was significantly greater in patients with early versus moderate-advanced stage glaucoma (p=0.015). The difference, however, was not detected in Group 1. The mean intraocular pressure difference in early-stage glaucoma was significantly greater in Group 2 versus 1 (p=0.033). Conclusions: Latanoprost and dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination are effective treatments for newly diagnosed pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. In early-stage pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, greater intraocular pressure reduction was noted with dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination than with latanoprost; thus, dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination should be considered when a significant decrease in intraocular pressure is desired in early-stage glaucoma.

To assess tear function, retinal and choroidal thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness in patients

This retrospective cross-sectional study examined differences in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D), total IgE, eosinophil levels, and outdoor exposure time in relation to disease severity in children with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). It also assessed these parameters across VKC subtypes. The study included 40 VKC patients and 43 healthy controls. Ophthalmologic examinations, serum 25-OH D, total IgE, eosinophil levels, and outdoor exposure times were evaluated. Disease severity was graded using Bonini's system. Multinomial logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. VKC patients had significantly lower 25-OH D (16.70 ± 5.50 vs. 23.98 ± 7.83 ng/ml, p < 0.001), higher IgE (248.52 ± 161.16 vs. 34.86 ± 17.38 ng/ml, p < 0.001), elevated eosinophils (365.72 ± 182.43 vs. 152.06 ± 80.23 cells/ml, p < 0.001), and reduced outdoor time (136.50 ± 42.39 vs. 210.0 ± 44.40 minutes, p < 0.001) compared to controls. 25-OH D negatively correlated with IgE (r = -0.505, p < 0.001) and eosinophils (r = -0.643, p < 0.001). Elevated IgE was significantly linked to mild-to-moderate VKC severity (OR = 1.120, p = 0.001). VKC patients exhibited lower serum 25-OH D and reduced daytime outdoor exposure, likely due to photophobia, compared to controls. No significant association was found between vitamin D or outdoor time and VKC severity. High IgE and eosinophil levels support VKC's allergic origin. The inverse correlations between 25-OH D, IgE, and eosinophil may suggest an immunomodulatory role. Large-scale, prospective interventional studies are warranted to validate these findings and elucidate causal relationships.

Sixth nerve palsy (SNP) is a neuro-ophthalmologic disorder characterized by palsy of the lateral rectus (LR) muscle. This palsy leads to diplopia and head position owing to difficulties with lateral gaze in the affected eye. The medical management of SNP is determined by its underlying condition. Most individuals with SNP get spontaneous resolution within a period of six months, systemic treatment. However, a limited number of individuals may necessitate intervention owing to diplopia as their primary complaint. Especially in such cases, it is necessary to choose an appropriate surgical method by taking into account the amount of squint in order to minimize surgical complications such as anterior segment ischemia. The objective of this case presentation is to provide information on Superior rectus transposition (SRT) surgery, a viable technique for treating SNP. Additionally, this case seeks to review current treatment approaches by evaluating alternative trend surgical procedures.