Recent developments in IoT have facilitated advancements in Internet of Vehicles (IoV) with autonomous vehicles and roadside infrastructure as its key components. IoV aims to provide new innovative services for different modes of transport with adaptive traffic management and enables vehicles to broadcast messages to improve traffic safety and efficiency. However, due to non-trusted environments, it is difficult for vehicles to evaluate the credibility of the messages that they receive. Therefore, trust establishment in IoV is a key security concern that is constantly limited by scalability challenges. This paper proposes a blockchain based protocol for IoV using smart contracts, Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF), certificates, and a dynamic proof-of-work (dPoW) consensus algorithm. The blockchain, in conjunction with contracts, provides a secure framework for registering trusted vehicles and blocking malicious ones. PUFs are used to assign a unique identity to each vehicle via which trust is established. Certificates are issued by roadside units which preserve the privacy of vehicles, whereas the dPoW consensus allows the protocol to scale according to the incoming traffic generated by the vehicles. To demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of the proposed protocol, security and performance analyses are presented. A case study is also discussed along with a comparative analysis, which confirms that our protocol can provide superior decentralized trust management for IoV.

One of the most important and critical requirements for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is security under strict latency. Typically, authentication protocols for vehicular ad-hoc networks need to authenticate themselves frequently. This results in reduced application traffic and increased overhead. Moreover, the mobile nature of vehicles makes them a prime target for physical, side-channel, and cloning attacks. To address these issues, this paper presents an efficient protocol for authentication in the IoV. The proposed protocol uses Physical Unclonable Functions to provide the desired security characteristics. To reduce the overhead of authentication and improve the throughput of application layer packets, the proposed protocol uses a three layered infrastructure architecture for IoVs, i.e., road side units, road side unit gateways, and trusted authority. A vehicle needs to authenticate only once when it enters the area of a road side unit gateway which may engulf multiple road side units. A performance analysis of the protocol shows that the proposed strategy significantly reduces the number of authentication packets and MAC/PHY overhead while the security analysis demonstrates its robustness against various types of attacks.

The number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is expected to grow exponentially in the near future and produce large amounts of potentially sensitive data. The simple and low cost nature of IoT devices makes them an attractive target for spoofing or impersonation attacks. To solve this issue, this paper proposes a two-factor authentication protocol using physically unclonable functions and the characteristics of the wireless signal from an IoT device. The security analysis and results on MICAz motes shows that the proposed protocol can be used as an effective tool to secure IoT systems from spoofing as well as various other attacks. A performance analysis of the proposed protocol shows that it has a significantly lower computational overhead and energy consumption compared to existing techniques.

The Internet of Things (IoT) engulfs a large number of interconnected heterogeneous devices from a wide range of pervasive application areas including health-care systems, energy management, environmental monitoring, and home and commercial automation. Although IoT is considered an enabling technology for a variety of services, it also raises many security and privacy concerns. This paper focuses on developing secure protocols for data provenance with authentication and privacy preservation in IoT systems. Protocols for two scenarios are presented, one when an IoT device is directly connected to a wireless gateway and the other when an IoT device is indirectly connected to the wireless gateway through multiple hops of other IoT devices. The proposed protocols use Physically Unclonable Functions along with wireless link fingerprints derived from the wireless channel characteristics between two communicating entities. This results in protocols which are not only efficient in terms of computational complexity and energy requirements but are also safe against various types of attacks including physical and cloning attacks. Experimental results show that in comparison to existing protocols, the proposed protocols are upto 100% more accurate in detecting attacks on data provenance and can save upto 83.8% and 73.5% energy consumption for the IoT devices in terms of CPU and radio energy, respectively.

The existing body of research on quantum embedding techniques is not only confined in scope but also lacks a comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of the quantum embedding process. To address this critical issue, this article explores quantum encoding schemes, uncovering valuable insights into their encoding algorithms from theoretical foundations to a mathematical perspective, as well as practical applications. Initially, the article briefly overviews classical computing and the limitations associated with classical bits in representing and processing complex information. Next, the article scrutinizes a variety of quantum embedding patterns, including basis encoding, amplitude encoding, Qsample encoding, angle encoding, quantum associative memory encoding, quantum random access memory, superdense encoding, Hamiltonian encoding, and others. In addition, each technique is accompanied by mathematical formulas and examples illustrating how each strategy can be applied. Finally, the article provides a comparative analysis of different quantum embedding/encoding methods, outlining their strengths and limitations. Overall, this insightful article highlights the potential of quantum encoding techniques for efficient information processing beyond classical bits, thereby facilitating scientists and design engineers in selecting the most appropriate encoding technique to develop smart algorithms for revolutionizing the field of quantum computing.

The critical and sensitive nature of data that IoT devices produce makes them an attractive target for cyber attacks. Among the various types of attacks, malware is becoming a major concern for IoT device. This paper proposes a remote attestation protocol HAtt which ensures high availability of IoT devices during the software attestation process. The proposed attestation technique uses a randomized approach to attest different parts of an IoT device’s memory. We use Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) to protect the secrets of an IoT device from physical attacks. The security analysis shows that the proposed attestation technique can effectively detect roving malware. Implementation of the proposed protocol on Raspberry Pi and AVR/ARM based ATMEL microcontrollers and comparison with existing techniques shows that the proposed protocol results in significantly higher availability and lower energy consumption.