The potential of digital twin technology is yet to be fully realised due to its diversity and untapped potential. Digital twins enable systems’ analysis, design, optimisation, and evolution to be performed digitally or in conjunction with a cyber-physical approach to improve speed, accuracy, and efficiency over traditional engineering methods. Industry 4.0, factories of the future, and digital twins continue to benefit from the technology and provide enhanced efficiency within existing systems. Due to the lack of information and security standards associated with the transition to cyber digitisation, cybercriminals have been able to take advantage of the situation. Access to a digital twin of a product or service is equivalent to threatening the entire collection. There is a robust interaction between digital twins and artificial intelligence tools, which leads to strong interaction between these technologies, so it can be used to improve the cybersecurity of these digital platforms based on their integration with these technologies. This study aims to investigate the role of artificial intelligence in providing cybersecurity for digital twin versions of various industries, as well as the risks associated with these versions. In addition, this research serves as a road map for researchers and others interested in cybersecurity and digital security.

Land-cover classification is an important topic for remotely sensed hyperspectral (HS) data exploitation. In this regard, HS classifiers have to face important challenges, such as the high spectral redundancy, as well as noise, present in the data, and the fact that obtaining accurate labeled training data for supervised classification is expensive and time-consuming. As a result, the availability of large amounts of training samples, needed to alleviate the so-called Hughes phenomenon, is often unfeasible in practice. The class-imbalance problem, which results from the uneven distribution of labeled samples per class, is also a very challenging factor for HS classifiers. In this paper, a comprehensive review of oversampling techniques is provided, which mitigate the aforementioned issues by generating new samples for the minority classes. More specifically, this paper pursues a two-fold objective. Firstly, it reviews the most relevant oversampling methods that can be adopted according to the nature of HS data. Secondly, it provides a comprehensive experimental study and comparison, which are useful to derive practical conclusions about the performance of oversampling techniques in different HS image-based applications. The source will be made available publicly at https://github.com/mhaut/imbalance-review .

Nowadays, IT systems rely mainly on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to process data. AI is generally used to extract knowledge from stored information and, depending on the nature of data, it may be necessary to apply different AI algorithms. In this article, a novel perspective on the use of AI to ensure the cybersecurity through the study of network traffic is presented. This is done through the construction of a two-stage cyberattack classification ensemble model addressing class imbalance following a one-vs-rest (OvR) approach. With the growing trend of cyberattacks, it is essential to implement techniques that ensure legitimate access to information. To address this issue, this work proposes a network traffic classification system for different categories based on several AI techniques. In the first task, binary models are generated to clearly differentiate each type of traffic from the rest. With binary models generated, an ensemble model is developed in two phases, which allows the separation of legitimate and illegitimate traffic (phase 1) while also identifying the type of illegitimate traffic (phase 2). In this way, the proposed system allows a complete multiclass classification of network traffic. The estimation of global performance is done using a modern dataset (UNSW-NB15), evaluated using two approaches and compared with other state-of-art works. Our proposal, based on the construction of a two-step model, reaches an F1 of 0.912 for the first level of binary classification and 0.7754 for the multiclass classification. These results show that the proposed system outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches (+0.75% and +3.54% for binary and multiclass classification, respectively) in terms of F1, as demonstrated through comparison together with other relevant classification metrics.

The potential of digital twin technology is yet to be fully realised due to its diversity and untapped potential. Digital twins enable systems’ analysis, design, optimisation, and evolution to be performed digitally or in conjunction with a cyber-physical approach to improve speed, accuracy, and efficiency over traditional engineering methods. Industry 4.0, factories of the future, and digital twins continue to benefit from the technology and provide enhanced efficiency within existing systems. Due to the lack of information and security standards associated with the transition to cyber digitisation, cybercriminals have been able to take advantage of the situation. Access to a digital twin of a product or service is equivalent to threatening the entire collection. There is a robust interaction between digital twins and artificial intelligence tools, which leads to strong interaction between these technologies, so it can be used to improve the cybersecurity of these digital platforms based on their integration with these technologies. This study aims to investigate the role of artificial intelligence in providing cybersecurity for digital twin versions of various industries, as well as the risks associated with these versions. In addition, this research serves as a road map for researchers and others interested in cybersecurity and digital security.

Digital Twins have emerged as a disruptive technology with great potential; they can enhance WDS by offering real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and optimization capabilities. This paper describes the development of a state-of-the-art DT platform for WDS, introducing advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning models. This paper provides insight into the architecture of the proposed platform-CAUCCES-that, informed by both historical and meteorological data, effectively deploys AI/ML models like LSTM networks, Prophet, LightGBM, and XGBoost in trying to predict water consumption patterns. Furthermore, we delve into how optimization in the maintenance of WDS can be achieved by formulating a Constraint Programming problem for scheduling, hence minimizing the operational cost efficiently with reduced environmental impacts. It also focuses on cybersecurity and protection to ensure the integrity and reliability of the DT platform. In this view, the system will contribute to improvements in decision-making capabilities, operational efficiency, and system reliability, with reassurance being drawn from the important role it can play toward sustainable management of water resources.

The evolution of engineering applications is highly relevant in the context of protecting industrial systems. As industries are increasingly interconnected, the need for robust cybersecurity measures becomes paramount. Engineering informatics not only provides tools for knowledge representation and extraction but also affords a comprehensive spectrum of developing sophisticated cybersecurity solutions. However, safeguarding industrial systems poses a unique challenge due to the inherent heterogeneity of data within these environments. Together with this problem, it’s crucial to acknowledge that datasets that simulate real cyberattacks within these diverse environments exhibit a high imbalance, often skewed towards certain types of traffics. This study proposes a system for addressing class imbalance in cybersecurity. To do this, three oversampling (SMOTE, Borderline1-SMOTE, and ADASYN) and five undersampling (random undersampling, cluster centroids, NearMiss, repeated edited nearest neighbor, and Tomek Links) methods are tested. Particularly, these balancing algorithms are used to generate one-vs-rest binary models and to develop a two-stage classification system. By doing so, this study aims to enhance the efficacy of cybersecurity measures ensuring a more comprehensive understanding and defense against the diverse range of threats encountered in industrial environments. Experimental results demonstrates the effectiveness of proposed system for cyberattack detection and classification among nine widely known cyberattacks.