The past decade (2015–2025) has seen natural antioxidant research, particularly on artemisinin, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, progress from simple free radical scavenging assays to sophisticated molecular pathway studies, nanotechnology-based delivery, and early-stage clinical trials. These phytochemicals derived from plant genera of diverse origin show multifaceted biological activities such as redox regulation, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive effects through major regulatory pathways such as Nrf2/Keap1, NF-κB, and MAPKs. Artemisinin, besides its established antimalarial activity, also emerges as a potent oxidative stress modulator by covalent modification of KEAP1 cysteine residues, activation of NRF2, and induction of cytoprotective genes. Phenolic acids and flavonoids introduce supplementary antioxidant and therapeutic options with evidence for synergistic interactions. Whatever bioavailability and stability problems may exist aside, advances in plant biotechnology, metabolic engineering, and nanoformulations have enhanced yield, potency, and delivery. This review synopsizes a decade of biochemical, pharmacological, and translational advances, highlights gaps in clinical validation, and indicates avenues for the future involving omics technologies and AI-aided metabolic modeling to enable the rational design of next-generation antioxidant therapies.

Secondary metabolites isolated from medicinal plants are of immense therapeutic, nutraceutical, and market importance. Unfortunately, natural biosynthesis of these compounds is generally low, dependent on factors that include the environment and physiology. Over the past few years, biotechnological innovation has opened up new and sustainable approaches to meet the requirement for secondary metabolite production in vitro. This review identifies recent biotechnological interventions such as plant tissue culture, elicitation, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology that have been successfully utilized to enhance the biosynthesis of bioactive phytochemicals. An emphasis is given to the mechanisms, benefits, and disadvantages of these strategies, with specific reference to prominent medicinal plant species. Future directions are to interface omics tools with AI-powered metabolic pathway modeling for targeted metabolite improvement.

Protein engineering is the novel field which has wide applications from pharmaceutics, industry, commercial, laundry and research. It may apply rational design or non rational design or both. Site directed mutagenesis is a classical approach involving the protein folding principles and as such different techniques involving multidisciplinary research and broad knowledge is required involving biocomputing of complex data obtained from various sequencing projects and prediction of the future protein structure either chemically or genetically modified. Non rational mutagenesis or directed evolution involves random mutations in the gene encoding protein or shuffling the genes encoding different domains producing a random set of numerous large libraries of mutant proteins, using advanced technology the desired protein can be selected but the exact structure or changes may remain unnoticed.

The increasing burden of municipal solid waste, petroleum hydrocarbons, industrial wastewater, saline soils, marine pollution, electronic wastes, and plastic contaminants is among the foremost global environmental issues that need sustainable remediation practices. In this review, the current status and future prospects in terms of the use of bioremediation techniques for environmental remediation are highlighted by discussing their advancements over the years 2020–2026. Various in situ and ex situ remediation techniques like bioaugmentation, biostimulation, biosparging, land farming, composting, bioreactor techniques, phytoremediation, activated sludge process, algal remediation, and fungal-based remediation techniques are highly efficient for the degradation of hydrocarbons, dyes, pharmaceutical compounds, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, and new-age plastic pollutants. Microbial genera such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Alcanivorax, Aspergillus, Trametes, and halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria exhibit an important role in pollutant mineralization, transformation, and detoxification through different metabolic pathways and enzyme systems. Emerging developments in synthetic biology, AI-assisted waste management, engineering of microbial consortia, and circular bio-economy models have enhanced the efficiency of remediation processes. Nonetheless, problems associated with scale-up, environmental variability, pollutant complexity, cost-effectiveness, and incomplete mineralization hinder practical application in field conditions.

Canola is important for its oil, anticarcinogenic phytochemicals and low saturated fat content and has wide scope for further improvement through genetic transformations. Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of disease free progeny plants, using modern asceptic plant tissue culture methods and also to conserve germ plasm. A combination of auxin and cytikinin and a shock on growth regulator free medium is used for micropropagation. Molecular and physiochemical analysis done to know variation in seeds protein content and electric conductivity.

Rapid developments in biotechnology, rDNA, and gene editing technologies have transformed both biomedical sciences and environmental biotechnology, especially genome editing, synthetic biology, and reproductive biotechnology, etc., and have revolutionized medicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences, etc. However, such biotechnologies also pose serious bioethical, biosafety, and biosecurity risks and challenges, etc. This review critically discusses and analyzes the current bioethical issues and dilemmas associated with biotechnologies such as CRISPR-Cas9, in vitro fertilization (IVF), cloning, xenotransplantation, PGD, transgenic organisms, etc. The study adopted a literature-based methodology to critically examine the current bioethical debates and discussions on biotechnologies, etc. The study findings revealed serious bioethical issues and dilemmas associated with biotechnologies, such as risk-benefit analysis, justice, human dignity, and eugenics, etc. This review also aims to incorporate Islamic bioethics, focusing on maqasid al-shariah, such as maintaining life, lineage, principle of necessity and dignity, etc. This study concluded that biotechnology has tremendous potential, and its use and development require global governance, ethical literacy, and culturally sensitive approaches, etc.