Tortillas are an essential food staple in the Mexican diet due to their nutritional value. Blue corn tortillas have been reported as a source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Likewise, the blue corn tortillas have been studied to enhance the nutritional and nutraceutical composition. In this sense, Quelites are a large family of plants with macronutrient and micronutrient content, as well as a source of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Among these, Amaranthus hybridus L. could fortify the blue corn tortilla composition. Therefore, this study aims to fortify blue corn tortillas with different concentrations of Quelites flours. The total flavonoid and phenolic compounds content, as well as the antioxidant capacity and identification of phenolic compounds, were evaluated on tortillas fortified with Quelites. The addition of Quelites to blue corn tortillas reduced the lipid and protein content, carbohydrate, and flavonoid content, and enhance the antioxidant capacity of tortillas as measured by FRAP, ORAC, and TEAC assays. Also, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid were identified on blue corn tortillas fortified with Quelites. These results support the use of A. hybridus L. as an ingredient to improve the nutrient and nutraceutical composition of foods.

El estudio evaluó la calidad del agua del Dren Chiricahueto, un cuerpo fluyente afectado por actividad agrícola y descargas de la (planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales) PTAR, mediante el análisis de 22 parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos entre 2012 y 2020. La calidad del agua se evaluó utilizando dos índices: el Índice de Calidad del Agua (ICA) y el Índice de Contaminación Integral (P). Los resultados mostraron que el (punto de muestreo) PM1, ubicado antes de la descarga, presentó en su mayoría condiciones aceptables, aunque con niveles críticos de coliformes fecales. Por su parte, PM2, ubicado aguas abajo de la PTAR, mostró un deterioro notable en parámetros clave como fósforo total, oxígeno disuelto y turbidez, indicando un impacto significativo de las descargas tratadas. Los valores del índice de contaminación reflejaron esta tendencia: PM1 se ubicó entre niveles Ⅱ y Ⅲ (ligeramente limpia a contaminación ligera), mientras que PM2 se encontró en niveles Ⅳ y Ⅴ (contaminación moderada a severa). Estos resultados evidencian la heterogeneidad espacial de la calidad del agua dentro del dren y la influencia directa de aportes residuales y agrícolas.

This study evaluated the groundwater quality of the Río Mocorito Aquifer (ARM) through the analysis of hydrochemical parameters obtained during the rainy and dry seasons, using data provided by CONAGUA and RENAMECA. Seven sampling points were analyzed to identify spatial and temporal variations between 2012 and 2022. Piper and Stiff diagrams allowed distinguishing natural processes (such as carbonate dissolution, weathering, and ion exchange) and anthropogenic pressures related to agriculture, wastewater, and salinization. The results show that nitrogenous ions (NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻) remain below international limits, although NO₃⁻ slightly exceeds levels reported in recent studies. Major anions (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, F⁻) comply with regulatory values, while bicarbonates exhibit high mineralization. Calcium and magnesium are within acceptable ranges, whereas sodium approaches the allowable limit, indicating an increase in dissolved salts. Spatial distribution reveals greater mineralization toward the northern and central parts of the aquifer, influenced by evaporation, mineral dissolution, and agricultural activity. Nitrate patterns reflect intensive fertilizer use. The temporal analysis showed marked seasonality: during the rainy season, nutrient input increases due to surface runoff, while in the dry season, salt concentration intensifies due to evaporation. Hydrogeochemical diagrams identified two main facies: Ca–HCO₃ in recharge zones and Na–Cl in areas with higher salinization. Overall, the findings indicate that water quality is determined by the interaction between geology, climate, and human activities. This analysis provides a key tool for decision-makers and for designing strategies to strengthen water resilience in the face of climate change.

El presente estudio evaluó la calidad del agua del Dren Chiricahueto, un cuerpo lótico ubicado en el noroeste de México, afectado principalmente por actividades agrícolas y descargas de aguas residuales. Se establecieron dos puntos de muestreo, PM1 aguas arriba y PM2 aguas abajo de la descarga, donde se analizaron 22 parámetros físico-químicos y microbiológicos entre 2012 y 2020. Los resultados mostraron un deterioro significativo en PM2, con incrementos en materia orgánica, nutrientes y contaminación microbiológica, evidenciando el impacto acumulativo de las descargas y la actividad agrícola. Se aplicaron análisis estadísticos multivariados, incluyendo correlación de Pearson, análisis de componentes principales y análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos, lo que permitió identificar relaciones entre variables, factores dominantes y patrones de variabilidad. PM1 presentó un entorno más homogéneo con alta correlación entre parámetros, mientras que PM2 mostró mayor heterogeneidad y complejidad, indicando la influencia de múltiples fuentes de contaminación. Los hallazgos resaltan la importancia de implementar estrategias de monitoreo y manejo integrado de cuencas, así como prácticas agrícolas sostenibles, para mitigar los impactos sobre la calidad del agua. El estudio demuestra que el enfoque multivariado es una herramienta eficaz para comprender la dinámica del sistema y apoyar la toma de decisiones

This study evaluated water quality in the Chiricahueto Drain (Sinaloa) during the 2012–2020 period, considering spatial and seasonal variations. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed at two sampling points: before (PM1) and after (PM2) the wastewater discharge. The results showed significant deterioration at PM2, where fecal coliforms, E. coli, BOD, COD, nutrients, and solids exceeded regulatory limits, reflecting the direct impact of domestic, industrial, and agricultural discharges. During the dry season, high concentrations of pollutants and low oxygenation were observed, while in the rainy season greater variability occurred due to runoff. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the treated wastewater does not meet quality standards, posing sanitary and ecological risks. The study highlights the need to strengthen water treatment, monitoring, and integrated water management to mitigate the environmental deterioration of the agricultural drain.

Tortillas are an essential food staple in the Mexican diet due to their nutritional value. Blue corn tortilla has been reported as a source of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids; likewise, the blue corn tortilla has been studied to enhance the nutritional and nutraceutical composition. In this sense, Quelites are a large family of plants with macronutrients and micronutrients content, as well as a source of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids; among these, Amaranthus hybridus L. could fortify the blue corn tortilla composition. Therefore, this study aims to fortify blue corn tortillas with different concentrations of Quelites flours. The total flavonoid and phenolic compounds content, as well as the antioxidant capacity and identification of phenolic compounds were evaluated on tortillas fortified with Quelites. The addition of Quelites to blue corn tortillas reduced the lipid content, increased the protein, carbohydrate, and flavonoid content, and maintained the antioxidant capacity of tortillas as measured by FRAP, ORAC, and TEAC assays. Also, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and synapic acid were identified on blue corn tortillas fortified with Quelites. These results support the use of A. hybridus L. as an ingredient to improve the nutrient and nutraceutical composition of foods.