The skin surface is colonised by a rich microbiome, and intricate interactions between this microenvironment and microbial communities are critical for maintaining skin homeostasis. Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by skin barrier dysfunction and aberrant immune activation, exhibits a rising global incidence. While conventional therapeutic strategies offer short-term symptom control, their long-term use is limited by adverse effects including skin atrophy, metabolic disorders, and increased infection risk. Critically, these approaches fail to cure AD or reverse the underlying immune imbalance. Recent research has firmly established the skin microbiome as a central driver in AD pathogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underpinning microbiome-host interactions, including the potential for remote regulation via the gut-skin axis, are now being actively investigated. This review systematically analyses how microbial dysbiosis in AD promotes Th2/Th17 immune polarization through three key pathways: microbial metabolites, immune signalling, and barrier integrity. Building on these mechanistic insights and recent advances, we propose novel multimodal therapeutic strategies targeting the microbial-immune axis. We further elucidate the role of commensal bacteria in maintaining immune homeostasis. Ultimately, this synthesis aims to bridge fundamental research with clinical applications, providing a robust theoretical foundation for future therapeutic development and clinical studies in AD management.

Autoimmune skin diseases (AISDs) are disorders characterized by disrupted immune tolerance and aberrant responses against skin antigens, including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), bullous pemphigoid (BP), and other common conditions. Dysregulated expression of immune-related genes—particularly those governing B and T cell functions—holds promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, though their regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely defined. This review systematically synthesizes recent evidence elucidating the central role of three core epigenetic mechanisms—DNA methylation, histone modifications (including emerging metabolically linked alterations), and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs)—in driving AISD pathogenesis. We highlight the dynamic interplay between epigenetic dysregulation, immune dysfunction, and skin barrier impairment. Deciphering these epigenetic networks and identifying key regulators (e.g., DNMTs, histone-modifying enzymes, ncRNAs) may enable high-precision diagnostics and novel therapies to restore immune homeostasis. Such advances will deepen mechanistic insights and transform clinical management paradigms.

Male infertility has become an increasingly prominent health issue worldwide. This review systematically evaluated the therapeutic application of different types of MSCs in various male infertility models. The therapeutic effects of MSCs are attributed to mechanisms such as in vivo and in vitro differentiation into germ cells, improved antioxidant capacity of testicular tissue, inhibited secretion of inflammatory factors and elevated anti-inflammatory level of testicular tissue, prevention of excessive apoptosis of testicular tissue cells, restoration of the normal secretion of sexual hormone levels in vivo, and regulation of sperm autophagy. Simultaneously, this study also emphasized on the latest progress in the research of MSC-Exos, with the discussion of its potential advantages over traditional MSC therapy. In addition, this review also elucidated challenges in the clinical translation of MSCs, including safety and standardization issues, as well as the necessity of conducting human clinical trials. On these basis, this research proposed corresponding improvement plans, such as developing engineered MSCs products, optimizing delivery methods and exploring combination therapies, which may provide potential reference for the clinical application of MSCs and MSC-Exos on a large scale.

Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), characterized by the intersection of aging and androgen deficiency, impacts the health of approximately 2%−39% of middle-aged and elderly men, underscoring the need for comprehensive research. Animal models, serving as analogs of human diseases, are indispensable for investigating disease mechanisms and facilitating drug development. However, the diverse array of animal models utilized for LOH research has led to a lack of standardized modeling approaches and evaluation systems, potentially impeding progress in understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutic development. In this paper, we summarize and compile the characteristics, methods, and evaluation systems of rodent models for LOH research reported in the literature, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each model, to facilitate the optimal choice and development of rodent models for LOH research.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common disease of the male reproductive system, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and their partners. The pathogenesis of ED is still unclear, and it is mainly related to the nervous system, vascular system, drugs, spirit, and psychology. Despite the availability of several ED treatments, including PDE5-Is, ICI therapy with vasoactive substances, vacuum erection devices, and prosthetic implants, the proportion of patients who do not respond or are dissatisfied with clinically available treatments remains high. Studies have found that acupuncture has a significant effect on ED, which can significantly improve erectile ability and erectile quality, and improve the satisfaction of ED patients and their spouses with sexual life. At the same time, because of its good compliance, small economic burden, and high safety advantages, it is gradually recognized by the majority of patients in clinical practice. This article is a clinical original study. This study elaborates on the methods and procedures of acupuncture for ED, including patient selection, material preparation, surgical procedures, postoperative care, and precautions. The therapeutic efficacy of this approach was also evaluated.This study proposes and evaluates a standardized operation protocol for acupuncture treatment of ED and assesses its clinical efficacy in order to visualize this theory of ethnic medicine and promote its effective inheritance.

Background: Prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostatitis share substantial overlap in clinical symptoms and biological characteristics, which hampers non-invasive and early differential diagnosis. Untargeted metabolomics enables comprehensive profiling of disease-associated metabolic alterations; however, its high dimensionality and strong feature correlations challenge conventional statistical approaches. Methods: To address this, we analyzed serum untargeted LC–MS data following standardized preprocessing. We adopted a nested cross-validation strategy to evaluate various feature selection methods and machine learning classifiers, ultimately determining that multiclass LASSO regression was the most effective feature selection approach. Results: An optimized Random Forest model demonstrated strong, superior performance in distinguishing between prostate cancer, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and healthy controls (out-of-fold accuracy: 93.8%; macro-F1: 0.937). Additionally, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis translated feature statistical importance into biologically meaningful modules, revealing that distinct, disease-specific patterns of metabolic reprogramming drove the model’s robust multiclass discrimination. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the value of integrating serum untargeted metabolomics with advanced explainable machine learning for effective multiclass differentiation of major prostate diseases, providing a promising non-invasive framework for diagnostic stratification and metabolic biomarker discovery.