The pervasive contamination of microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) in livestock and poultry production systems represent a critical threat to animal health, productivity, and food safety. This review systematically evaluates the potential of curcumin, a natural polyphenol from Curcuma longa, to mitigate MNP-induced toxicity, drawing on evidence from 25 preclinical studies (2014–September 2025). We highlight that curcumin exerts broad-spectrum, dose-dependent protection primarily through a dual mechanism: the preventive activation of the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway and the therapeutic suppression of NF-κB-driven inflammation. These actions collectively ameliorate oxidative stress, restore metabolic homeostasis (e.g., via the gut–liver axis), and reverse histopathological damage across key organs, including the liver, kidneys, and reproductive tissues. A major translational insight is the significant species-specific variation in curcumin bioavailability, which is substantially higher in poultry than in ruminants, necessitating the development of tailored delivery systems such as nanoencapsulation. While the preclinical data are compelling, translating these findings into practice requires robust clinical trials to establish standardized, safe, and effective dosing regimens for food-producing animals. This review concludes that curcumin presents a promising, sustainable phytogenic strategy to enhance the resilience of livestock and poultry systems against MNP pollution, directly contributing to the One Health goals of safeguarding animal welfare, food security, and environmental sustainability.

Vacuum freeze-drying, commonly referred to as lyophilization, is one of the primary processes in vaccine industrial manufacturing. It offers significant advantages, including a marked extension of the shelf-life of dried products, effective preservation of biological activity, and user convenience. However, in the production of animal freeze-dried vaccines, the diverse nature of antigens, the complexity of heat-stable protectant formulations, and variations in manufacturing equipment pose substantial challenges to process design for animal freeze-dried vaccines. Commercially available animal freeze-dried vaccines commonly suffer from antigen potency loss, insufficient product stability, low production efficiency and high manufacturing costs. Freeze-drying process optimization can markedly improve the quality of freeze-dried vaccines, with key evaluation indicators including vaccine stability, shelf-life, sample morphology, and residual moisture content. Focusing on multiple types of animal vaccines, this review summarizes research advances in improving the quality of animal freeze-dried vaccines from the perspectives of modifying material properties, enhancing freezing-stage regulation, increasing the specific surface area for drying, and optimizing heat conduction. Finally, future research strategies for animal freeze-dried vaccines are prospected. Although numerous approaches have been proposed to enhance the quality of animal freeze-dried vaccines, comprehensive considerations from multiple dimensions are still required to provide more holistic theoretical support for cost reduction and efficiency improvement in the production of animal freeze-dried vaccines.