The aim of this study is to examine the association between low serum vitamin B₁₂ levels and low serum vitamin D levels and cochlear health in women. A prospective case–control study was carried out in the Department of Otolaryngology, Malatya Training and Research Hospital between 2017–2018. Thirty (30) patients with vitamin B₁₂ deficiency (a mean age of 32.5 ± 1.7 years(y) women); 30 patients with vitamin D deficiency (a mean age of 32.3 ± 1.58 y women) and 30 controls (a mean age of 27.8 ± 1.48 y women) were recruited. The study participants have no evidence of symptomatic hearing loss. Transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) of the study participants were recorded. A comparative analysis of the parameters revealed that results at TEOAE 1,2,3,4 kHz (p = 0.013, p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively) and at DPOAE 1, 2, 6 kHz ( p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively) were somewhat lower in patients with vitamin B₁₂ deficient group when compared with the controls. Moreover, TEOAE 3,4 kHz (p = 0.005, p = 0.013 respectively) and DPOAE 1,2,6 kHz (p = 0.005, p = 0.01, p = 0.031, respectively) were lower in the vitamin D deficiency group compared with the controls. There was a significant association between both vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and vitamin D deficiency and cochlear health. Patients with vitamin B₁₂ and vitamin D deficiency should be evaluated for cochlear function.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a global health concern for women and affects several systems, such as cardiovascular system, autoimmune disease, and psychological status. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of POI on nasal mucociliary clearance time via saccharin test by comparing postmenopausal women and healthy controls. Thirty-five (35) patients with POI, 35 healthy postmenopausal women and 35 healthy controls were recruited in this study. All study participants underwent measurements of nasal mucociliary clearance time via saccharine test. When women with POI and postmenopausal women compared with the controls, nasal mucociliary clearance time was longer in both women with POI and postmenopausal women. When women with POI were compared with postmenopausal women, the nasal mucociliary clearance time was not difference between two groups. There was a significant prolonged nasal mucociliary clearance time in the women with POI and postmenopausal women. Lower serum estradiol levels in women with POI as well as postmenopausal women had an adverse effect of nasal mucociliary clearance time.

The aim of this study was to test whether hearing function is impaired in women with premature ovarian failure. Thirty (30) women with premature ovarian failure (POF), 30 women in menopause and 30 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Pure tone audiometric (PTA), transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) of the study participants were analysed. At PTA, 6 and 8 kHz were lower in menopause group compared with both women with POF and controls. At TEOAE 3 and 4 kHz and at DPOAE 1, 2, 4 and 6 kHz were lower in menopause group compared with the controls. At DPOAE 6 kHz was lower in the POF group compared with the controls. Women with POF comparing to menopause group at TEOAE 3, 4 kHz and at DPOAE 4 and 6 kHz were lower in the menopause group. Inner ear function of both women in menopause and women with POF was declined compared to the healthy controls. Clinically, evaluation of hearing status may be considered in women with POF.

Background: Post-earthquake dizziness syndrome (PEDS) is increasingly recognized as a condition marked by persistent dizziness and imbalance after major earthquakes, often without clear peripheral vestibular pathology. Despite proposed roles of visuo-vestibular dysfunction and sensory conflict, longitudinal objective evidence remains limited. Objective: To examine the longitudinal effects of virtual reality–based vestibular rehabilitation (VR), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and their integration (VR + CBT) on objective visuo-vestibular processing and symptom burden in adults with PEDS. Methods: In a four-arm longitudinal study, 48 earthquake-exposed adults with PEDS were evaluated at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up following an 8-week intervention. Objective visuo-vestibular outcomes were assessed using an immersive virtual reality–based system, including static and dynamic subjective visual vertical (SVV/DSVV), rod-and-frame test (RFT), and visual motion sensitivity (VMS) tests. Subjective outcomes included dizziness-related handicap (DHI) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PCL-5). Results: Dizziness-related disability and trauma-related symptoms improved over time across groups, indicating clinical modifiability of PEDS. Objective measures demonstrated a domain-specific response profile: SVV and DSVV remained largely stable, whereas RFT showed improvement in active treatment arms, suggesting reduced visual frame dependence. VMS outcomes exhibited differential trajectories, with the integrated VR + CBT group showing the most consistent and durable modulation under visually provocative conditions. Conclusions: Recovery in PEDS appears to involve selective modulation of context-dependent visuo-vestibular processing rather than uniform changes across all spatial orientation measures. Integrated VR + CBT yields the most coherent and durable benefits in visually demanding domains, supporting multidisciplinary models that jointly address sensory conflict and cognitive–emotional mechanisms after major earthquakes.